First Strikes Over Baghdad, Iraq

As Operation IRAQI FREEDOM - I got underway on Thursday, 20 March (Day-1) 2003, at 0530 hours (local), with a coalition force of 300,000 troops ringing Iraq and thousands of them poised on the Iraqi border with Kuwait, hostilities began with a narrow focus on "selected targets of military importance", limited to Iraqi leadership targets around Baghdad, and expanded into a "broad and concerted campaign".

Seven warplanes pierced the night sky over Iraq, racing toward Baghdad on a mission to behead Saddam Hussein's government and perhaps hasten a war's end. Trying to stay invisible to the Iraqis, the planes sprinted at just under the speed of sound. The assignment was so secret that none of the pilots had been briefed on the identity of their target. The approach of dawn colored the sky. The crews caught glimpses of Baghdad through breaks in the clouds. Two pilots split their formation and dived for a bucolic retreat on the south bank of the Tigris River. The Iraqi President slept there.

As other US Navy Tomahawk missiles and satellite guided bombs from F-117 Stealth fighters struck the Baghdad area, President George W. Bush spoke from the Oval Office. "Now that conflict has come, the only way to limit its duration is to apply decisive force," Bush said in his four-minute address delivered about two hours after the 2000 Hours (EST) deadline he had set for Saddam to leave the country. "This will not be a campaign of half-measures, and we will accept no outcome but victory."

F-117A Nighthawk Stealth Fighter

As a F-117A Stealth fighter/bomber returned to an undisclosed location after a mission over Iraq, President George W. Bush characterized the military campaign as an attempt to prevent future terrorist attacks on the United States and its allies, as well as a mission to free the long-suffering Iraqi people from decades of authoritarian rule. But it is a war that will be watched warily in Europe and the Arab world, where distrust of US motives is high and fears of a rising Islamic militancy are deep.

In the hours following the first strike of targets in and around Baghdad, in retaliation, Iraqi forces fired missiles into Kuwait in a series of apparently ineffectual counterattacks against US troops and Kuwaiti civilians, forcing American soldiers to put on gas masks and chemical protective suits. Coalition Defense officials indicated that at least one of the missiles fired was a Scud. Following the missile attack, each side exchanged artillery fire in localized battles as the Coalition Forces continued to update target surveys for the main preparation event of "Shock and Awe" which will proceed the ground invasion.

White Devils Preparing To Board

As the attack on Iraq continued on the 20th, an unrelated operation began in Afghanistan at 0600 hours (local). In the early morning hours Operation VALIANT STRIKE began as attack helicopters, an 800 soldier battalion of the 82nd Airborne Division, known as the "White Devils", and their Afghanistan allies stormed villages in southern Afghanistan in raids aimed at tracking down remnants al-Qaida and the Taliban. The attack was focused in the Maruf district of Kandahar province where the Taliban's supreme leader Mullah Mohammed Omar has tribal links. The US forces were looking over activities of residents in at least three different villages in the mountainous region.

The military launched the operation on areas east of Kandahar, the former spiritual headquarters of the Taliban, after receiving "a mosaic of different intelligence inputs" of activity in the area. Soldiers combed rough mountain terrain where radio transmissions had been detected coming from caves above the villages.

The assault was one of the biggest in Afghanistan since Operation ANACONDA just over a year ago, King said. That eight-day battle pitted hundreds of Taliban and al-Qaida fighters against thousands of American and allied Afghan troops. Since then, the multinational, US led coalition has carried out at least a dozen major offensives. An operation of similar size took place in neighboring Helmand province about a month ago in which several suspected militants were killed and about 30 were captured.

Marines In The Desert Of Kuwait

On Thursday, under the cover of the early morning darkness and cruise missile attack on Baghdad, units of the US Marine 1st Expeditionary Force crossed the Demilitarized Zone from Kuwait into southern Iraq to secure positions for a thrust northward by massed US and British troops. The US 1st Marine Division engaged Iraqi troops south of the Iraqi border in Kuwait and, in what was believed to be the first ground combat of the war, encountered two Iraqi armored personnel carriers and destroyed them. British troops have moved into the Al Faw Peninsula of southern Iraq. The Al Faw Peninsula runs from the Iraqi city of Basra to the Persian Gulf and is home to a significant portion of the oil industry of Iraq.

On Friday, 21 March (Day-2), another wave of sea launched cruise missiles fell on Baghdad for the second straight night in the escalation of the war to drive Saddam Hussein from power. In the capital, red and white anti-aircraft tracers lit the night sky and a huge plume of smoke rose into the night from the west bank of the Tigris River in central Baghdad. These attacks were not the beginning of the massive air assault that the Pentagon plans to unleash. Rather it was a direct, pinpointed assault of the elite Republican Guard strongholds and the main palace of Saddam Husse in Baghdad. In southern Iraq, white light glowed in the desert sky, and the sound of explosions could be heard from across the Kuwait-Iraq frontier as the 3rd Infantry Division unleashed its artillery barrage. Among the targets hit by coalition strikes were a military site in the southern town of Basra near the Kuwaiti border and another target in Akashat, a town about 300 miles west of Baghdad near the Syrian border.

In the second day of the war, US and coalition forces swept across the Iraqi desert, seizing key towns in the southern part of the country. A convoy of Bradley fighting vehicles and M1A1 Abrams tanks and other vehicles from the 3rd Squadron, 7th Cavalry Regiment, lead element of the 3rd Infantry Division, raced virtually unopposed toward Baghdad in "a huge wave of steel."

In lightening raids, US and British troops seized two strategically important air fields in western Iraq. The two western Iraq air fields, known as H-2 and H-3, considered important to the continued military operation inside Iraq and the field known as H-3 is also considered by US intelligence to be a potential Iraqi Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) site.

US Marines seized a portion of the main road leading from Kuwait to Basra, suppressing resistance from Iraqi mortars and arms. Within a few hours of crossing into southern Iraq, the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit encountered 200 or more Iraqi troops seeking to surrender as they advanced toward key Iraqi targets in southern Iraq, including Basra, the nation's second-largest city. One group of 40 Iraqis marched down a two-lane road toward them and surrendered. They were told to lie face down on the ground, then were searched by Marines. Later as the 1st Marine Division entered the town of Safwan, they were greeted by waving Iraqi civilians.

Satellite Image - Oil Wells On Fire

Early Friday, moving on to their interim objective into Iraq, the 1st Marine Division saw burning oil wells that sent a black cloud into the night sky under a nearly full moon. It was not known if the flames resulted from the explosions. The fires could be seen on the horizon in the direction of the southern Iraqi oil center of Basra. The Arab satellite television channel Al-Arabiya reported that fires had erupted in Iraq's al-Rumeila field west of Basra.

Later in the day, US and British Royal Marines, took full control of the Al-Faw Peninsula oil installations and the strategic port of Umm Qasr in southern Iraq. Utilizing the specialized support of US Navy Seal teams, two main offshore Gulf oil terminals, 22 miles off Iraqi's southern coast were seized. Umm Qasr, located along the Kuwait border about 290 miles southeast of Baghdad, gives US and British forces access to a sea port for offloading military and humanitarian supplies and will speed the clearing of Iraqi resistance in the south.

Meanwhile, administration officials were debating whether Saddam survived the first strike of the war and to what degree his senior leadership has been shaken. Iraqi government spokesman Mohammed Sahaf said Friday that Saddam is "safe" even though the Iraqi leader's home and family had been targeted. Regardless of the Iraqi leader's fate, the apparent disarray within the Iraqi leadership led US and coalition officials to alter the original war plan, which had called for an immediate and extensive bombing campaign to create "shock and awe" among Iraqi soldiers.

Aerial Assault - Shock And Awe

In the evening of Friday, at 2000 hours (local), the US launched the much heralded massive "shock and awe" campaign. Described as Aerial Day, it was a massive aerial assault on targets in Baghdad and beyond on, in a major escalation of the war to drive Saddam Hussein from power. Explosions reverberated in downtown Baghdad, sending great columns of fire and huge plumes of smoke into the night sky as over 500 cruise missiles found their targets and aircraft dropped bombs over the capital city. Massive cruise missile strikes took out dozens of buildings in Baghdad and across Iraq as the Pentagon began its promised "shock and awe" aerial campaign.

Many missiles struck the presidential compound of President Saddam Hussein. As many as 25 buildings were blown up in a matter of 10 minutes. Other buildings that were on fire included offices of the Council of Ministers and a government bunker. The Baghdad strikes were from sea-based cruise missiles. The attack lasted over 3 1/2 hours with the "all clear" not being sounded until 2330 hours (local). In parallel with the Baghdad attack, hundreds of sorties were carried out against targets in other Iraqi cities.

On Saturday morning, 22 March (Day-3), Baghdad awoke to brilliant sunshine clouded by dense smoke left from the mammoth US air attack on Friday evening. A half-dozen loud explosions from sporadic follow-up strikes punctuated an otherwise eerie silence that settled over the Iraqi capital awaiting the next aerial strike. During the day, at least 20 columns of dark smoke could be seen rising from points around Baghdad after intermittent explosions were heard throughout the day. It was reported that the plumes were coming from fires that Iraqis had set to oil containers around the city to obscure targets. A series of strong explosions shook the Iraqi capital soon after sunset, and some of them appeared to be in the center of the city. Aircraft could be heard overhead when the strike on offices of Iraqi leadership and command centers began about 1915 hours (local).

Closing On Basra And An Nasiriyah

To the southeast, US and British had advanced north from Kuwait about one-third of the way to Baghdad, securing oil wells and other infrastructure along the way. US jets bombed Iraqi tanks holding bridges supporting and US and British forces as they advanced on the next major target, the city of Basra, 230 miles southeast of Baghdad. Moving through moderate resistance, they surrounded the city and position themselves to take the city that is defended by the Iraqi 3rd Brigade, a mechanized unit, numbering 8,000 soldiers and 200 tanks.

The battle for Basra, an oil hub of some 1.3 million people, was underway by midday, with coalition troops trying to surround Iraqi positions and force a surrender. As US aircraft bombed Iraqi tanks holding bridges close to the city, Iraqi forces responded with artillery fire. The final assault on Basra was delayed pending final results of negotiations for "a peaceful surrender" which would avoid a bloody urban battle. The British took charge of continuing negotiations and fighting at Basra, permitting the Marines to continue north and advance to Baghdad on a more direct route along the Tigris River. Later in the day, aircraft from the Golden Dragons Squadron from the Kitty Hawk dropped seven laser-guided bombs on artillery pieces at Al-Qurnah, north of Basra, in support of the advancing 1st Marine Expeditionary Force.

Cape Texas At Sea W/4th ID Weapons

Unable to negotiate a satisfactory agreement, on Saturday, the Defense Department abandoned plans to move heavy armored forces into northern Iraq by the way of Turkey. After weeks of waiting off Turkey's coast, dozens of US ships carrying 14,000 pieces of equipment in support for the 4th Infantry Division were redirected to the Persian Gulf and began moving through the Suez Canal.

The soldiers of the 4th Infantry Division, who remained at Fort Hood, TX, after their weaponry and equipment went to the Mediterranean last month, are likely to go to Kuwait or, as an alternate, they could enter Iraq directly through the Gulf port of Umm Qasr, now under the control of US Marines and British forces.

At about 1500 hours (local) Saturday, a key city, An Nasiriyah, on the north bank of the lower Euphrates River, 233 miles southeast of Baghdad fell to US forces, opening a major route to Baghdad for US Army mechanized troops advancing northward. The main thrust was provided by the 3rd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division, from Fort Benning, GA. Units from that division had come under artillery fire Friday afternoon as it approached An Nasiriyah. After radar tracked those rounds to their source, artillery fire was returned and the Iraqi guns were silent.

An artillery barrage preceded the attack by tanks, mechanized infantry and attack helicopters. The first target was the airfield at Talil, just outside An Nasiriyah, the home of the Iraqi's 11th Division.

A-10 Warthog Strikes At An Najaf

By Sunday, 23 March (Day-4), the 2nd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division had driven night and day to had covered 228 miles on the route that follows the Euphrates River in less than 40 hours across rough desert terrain in a bold flanking movement that placed US forces less than a day's march from Baghdad. at a location 45 miles southeast of the city of Najaf.

Late Saturday, the brigade had encountered Iraqi fighters, believed to be members of the ruling Baath party militia, and fought until dawn Sunday, destroying 15 vehicles, killing at least 100 of the Iraqi militiamen and capturing 20 prisoners of war.

The first real test could come when the Third Infantry Division encounters the Republican Guard, Hammurabi Division, on the southwestern approach to Baghdad. Similarly, when the Marines encounter the Republican Guard, Nebuchadnezzar Division on the southeastern approaches.

The relentless drive to Baghdad continued at a record pace. The 3rd Squadron, 7th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division has been battling a battalion size force of the Iraqi army but remained ahead of schedule in its march. Earlier Sunday, the 3rd Squadron was halted near the city of Najaf. They began to take some small arms fire and called for close air support and long range artillery to attack enemy forces to the north. In the artillery barrage, three shells landed within 75 yards, sending troops scrambling to disperse their tanks and armored vehicles. Once on target, the artillery pounded the Iraqi positions. Earlier, soldiers on reconnaissance missions had seen members of the Iraqi Republican Guard herd Iraqi women and children to military positions for use as human shields.

Marines Enter The town Of Nasiriyah

Down river from Najaf, US Marines encountered heavy resistance and suffered casualties at fighting near the southeastern Iraqi city of Nasiriyah on the Euphrates River, 233 miles southeast of Baghdad. The battle raged for hours before Iraqi resistance was vanquished. The worst fighting was along a stretch of road between two bridges, and resistance stiffened as night fell. Marines had decided to move around the city rather than march through it on the road to Baghdad.

The US Marines entered the city after Iraqi forces ambushed a US military convoy bringing supplies to coalition forces in the region. The vehicles were destroyed, and a dozen soldiers of the 507th Maintenance Company were missing and later determined to have been captured.

Shock And Awe Strikes Continue

As Monday, 24 March (Day-5), arrived the strikes continued as a series of blasts shook the center of the Iraqi capital at around 0310 hours (local), with no prior warning from air raid sirens and no sign of anti-aircraft fire, The explosions appeared to hit targets in the center and southeast of Baghdad, sending plumes of smoke into the night sky. Although many of the targets were new, one large blast seemed to concentrated in the area of the Iraqi Air Force headquarters, which had been hit during previous raids.

In the early hours of 24 March, Apache attack helicopters of the 1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division attached to Task Force 11th Aviation operating under the command of the US Army V Corps, fought a fierce battle with units of Iraq's Republican elite Medina Division units between the cities of Karbala and Al Hillah, about 96 kilometers (60 miles) south of Baghdad.

One of the elements of the opposing force struck was Iraqi T-72 battle tanks, the most advanced tank used by the Iraqi forces. The Republican Guard was estimated to have at least 90 of those tanks, along with "multiple" pieces of field artillery and armored personnel carriers, The attack started after midnight and lasted about three hours. The Apache unit went up against the 2nd Armored Brigade of the Medina Division, which is part of the Republican Guard, the troops most loyal to Saddam Hussein. Many Apaches were hit by fire, but managed to destroy 10 Iraqi tanks before cutting off their attack. They also attacked positions between Karbala and Hillah, which straddle the Euphrates River south of Baghdad.

During the battle, one of the AH-64D Apache Longbow helicopters (99-5135) of "C" Company, 227th Aviation Regiment received a hit which damaged the Flight Management Computer. Losing control, the pilot had to make an emergency landing and come down in a field near Karbala, about 60 miles southwest of Baghdad, close to the site where the fierce predawn battle took place. The attack force had not expected such strong Iraqi resistance from what they thought were mostly civilian populated areas.

Iraqi Soldier Guards Downed Apache

During the battle, two attempts to rescue the pilots were aborted due to heavy fire. The next day, al-Jazeera, the Arab world's TV broadcast in Iraq showed the downed AH-64 helicopter sitting upright on the ground in an open field. From appearances, it did have any external battle damage to indicate that it had been shot down as reported by the al-Jazeera narrator. The helicopter was quickly located by Coalition aircraft and destroyed so that none of the classified electronic on-board systems would be salvaged and examined by any foreign agents.

After their Apache helicopter came down, Chief Warrant Officer David S. Williams and Chief Warrant Officer Ronald D. Young jumped in a canal and swam a quarter-mile but were caught by armed farmers who spotted them in the moonlight when they tried to run for cover in a stand of trees. The villagers beat them with sticks and were threatened at knife point. Afterwards the two men were thrown in the back of a pickup truck and driven around "to show all the other people that they had captured Americans. Originally, the Army classified the two men as "missing in action", but later in the day, the Iraqi Government showed them on local and national TV channels and announced that the two pilots had been captured and would be treated as prisoners of war.

Integrated Planning And R&R Break

The 3rd Infantry Division dashed north Monday toward the Shiite holy city of Karbala, only 50 miles south of Baghdad, but was stalled by a sandstorm that came out of the desert. The troops moving on Karbala made their rapid advance under the protection of heavy allied air cover that wiped out a column of charging Iraqi armor, causing some of Iraqi outer defense forces to stop and retreat.

The trip north passed bombed anti-aircraft guns, empty foxholes and berms dug for tanks that had been abandoned by Iraqi forces. But the weather, not Iraqi troops, halted the long columns of thousands of vehicles that were stretched across the desert terrain and farms.

Meanwhile, outside the Shiite holy city of Najaf, south of Karbala, US soldiers skirmished with Iraqi forces before dawn Monday. Iraqis shot rockets and anti-aircraft guns at the US forces. Small groups using pickup trucks or on foot tried to approach US positions but were driven back by tank and artillery fire.

Further to the south, British troops exchanged artillery with Iraqi forces on the outskirts of Basra. British troops had remained outside the city, unable to move through and secure it because of pockets of resistance that was coming from irregular units, either the elite Republican Guard, Special Security Organization forces or Saddam's Fedayeen, the Baath Party paramilitary organization.

Dark Clouds Of Oil Trench Fires

Early Tuesday, 25 March (Day-6), Baghdad was rocked by more intense bombing raids on the outskirts of the capital, where clouds of smoke from burning fuel trenches blackened the sky. At 1500 hours (local), there was an intensifying series of strikes on the fringes and outer southern suburbs areas were the elite Republican Guard was defending Baghdad's approaches. Aircraft could be heard roaring at high altitude over the capital, but could not be seen amid the dark clouds.

With distant explosions growing in frequency, more and bigger defensive trenches around the city are being constructed, including in the courtyard of the Iraq museum, home to priceless antiquities, some dating to 7,000 BC.

US and Coalition bombers and artillery continued to pound at positions of elite Republican Guard units arrayed in defense of Baghdad as 3rd Infantry Division slowly advanced toward the capital and took positions within 50 miles of Baghdad, in front of the Republican Guard's feared Medina Division. Progress was hampered as a weather front blew in from the west, whipping up sandstorms that slowed the advancing forces and hampered air operations, reducing visibility near zero in some places.

Moving north, at a location 150 miles south of Baghdad, a large convoy of the Marines' 1st Expeditionary Force, regained control of the city and crossed the Euphrates River and Saddam Canal at Nasiriyah late, resuming their key advance. The convoy had raced through the streets along a protective corridor of US armor, crossing first the river and then the canal, after engaging heavy fighting using AH-1 Cobra attack helicopters and artillery. Success in breaking through sets up a northward advance on the far bank of the Euphrates that could eventually form the eastward arm of a classic pincer movement.

Plans called for the 3rd Infantry Division, backed up by the 101st Airborne Division, to attack the Medina Division north of Karbala, while the Marines' 1st Expeditionary Force would hit the Republican Guard's Baghdad Division outside Al Kut.

Sandstorm Darkens Iraqi Desert Sky

The intense sandstorm grounded many bombing overflights over Iraq and slashed visibility and brought progress of advancing US led military convoys in the area near Karbal to a standstill. However, the weather had not affected the artillery. Throughout the day, US forces pounded Iraqi targets near the capital with howitzers and rockets.

Elements of the 3rd Squadron, 7th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd ID were east of An Najaf, about 90 miles south of Baghdad, when they suddenly came under fire from rocket-propelled grenades. The Iraqis advanced on foot and it was not clear whether they were from regular army units, paramilitary forces or the Republican Guard. Air strikes were called in support of the battle. Within minutes, A-10's dropped 500 pound bombs and raked the Iraqi positions with cannon fire. Early estimates of the number of Iraqis killed in the fight varied widely, from 150 to 500.

Further south, it was the third consecutive day that US Marines have battled Iraqi forces for control of the key north-south route in the southern city of Nasiriyah. The city has been the site of some of the heaviest fighting of the war. The Marines are fighting to secure control of the bridges over the Euphrates River, which are a key to the US advance north toward the Iraqi capital, Baghdad.

In the most southern Iraq city of Basra, British commanders reported a popular uprising against the ruling Baath Party was under way. Groups of 40 to 50 citizens gathered at various locations on the streets and British forces had taken out an Iraqi mortar firing on the apparent protesters. Elements of Iraq's 51st Division have massed at Basra, bringing artillery, tanks and infantry into some civilian areas. In addition about 1,000 irregulars of the Iraqi army have withdrawn into the city. In support of the Iraqi forces, a militia called the Saddam Fedayeen, dressed in civilian clothes, is on the outskirts of Basra are resisting with human shields in front of them and are firing toward the British.

Baghdad Red Zone

As early dawn broke on Wednesday, 26 March (Day-7), more than 30 large explosions struck the southern outskirts of the Iraqi capital and another hit the city center. No anti-aircraft fire could be seen and air raid sirens remained silent in this city of over five million people. The bombing continued for 3 hours. Smoke rose from the areas of Baghdad where the ministry of information, television station and satellite link sites were situated. Later in the morning, Iraqi's satellite television was showing either a blank screen or sporadic still pictures which suggested technicians were struggling to bring it back on the air.

The decision to take down the television station which would potentially kill civilian employees was made at the Presidential level. This action was taken so that the station could not be used as an alternate method of communicating with the Iraqi soldiers in the impending battle with the Republican Guards that are believed to be dug in on the southern flank of the city to defend it against the US and British forces.

Meanwhile, thousands of Iraqi troops were reportedly moving south from Baghdad under the cover of blinding sandstorms on a route that appeared likely to place them in the path of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force. There were conflicting reports about whether Republican Guard units were among those on the move.

Further south, unexpectedly stiff resistance from Iraqi forces, possibly including the Saddam Fedayeen militia, and a powerful sandstorm combined to slow the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force who had been fighting in recent days around An Nasiriyah. The unit is now on its way north toward Baghdad where Saddam and his regime are expected to make their last stand.

By the evening of Wednesday, the column had moved with mortar fire coming in front and behind, to at least as far as the city of Qal at Sukkar, about 60 miles north of Nasiriyah and 140 miles southeast of Baghdad. The Marines acknowledged they have been forced to abandon their breakneck race to the city and instead take the time to destroy Iraqi mortar nests and other targets along the route.

Desert Rats On Patrol In Basra

Desert Rat units from 7th Armored Brigade British forces entered the outskirts of Iraq's second largest city of Basra after Iraqi troops reportedly fired mortars at their own people to quell an uprising. On the ground, the Desert Rat units were fighting rain and mud as well as roaming bands of dedicated Saddam loyalists as they maneuvered around the city in search and destroy patrols. Aggressive patrols were mounted across all the territory controlled by 7th Armored Brigade. By the afternoon, they were involved in fighting on the outskirts of the town.

As ground troops ringed the city, two Harrier jet aircraft used satellite-guided bombs to obliterate the Basra headquarters of Saddam's ruling Baath party located in the middle of the town. As aircraft attacked, a Iraqi convoy of 70 to 120 vehicles, armored vehicles and armored personnel carriers moved out of Basra under cover of sandstorms. They were quickly attacked by coalition aircraft and artillery, raising hopes that British troops could soon enter a city on the verge of a humanitarian crisis.

Red Crescent Society Water Trucks

As allied forces struggled to clear the way for more aid shipments, using dolphins to assist in the removal of mines from waterways and while trying to subdue Iraqi fighters in the city of Basra, the first sizable relief convoy rolled into Iraq in a sandstorm Wednesday.

Aid agencies had been trying to rush water to the besieged population of some 1.2 million people amid fears of a humanitarian crisis in the mainly Shiite city unless local water processing plants can be placed back in operation soon. The first convoy of shipments, five trucks, loaded with 45,000 boxes filled with water and food was managed and operated by the Red Crescent Society in Kuwait. More will be heading over the border Thursday.

A unit of the Army's 173rd Airborne Brigade, based in Italy, stepped out of C-17 Globemaster transports and parachuted in to seize Harir airfield 45 miles northeast of the Kurdish city of Arbil, about 30 miles south of the Turkish border in territory controlled by the Kurdish Democratic Party, This unit becomes the first sizable American military presence on the ground in that part of the country signaling the beginning of an American strategy of opening a northern front against Saddam Hussein's regime. Previously, before this operation, several hundred special forces troops were the only US units operating on the ground in northern Iraq.

The denial of Turkey to open up a northern flank prevented a pincer attack on Baghdad from happening and required the movement of airborne units to secure air fields and preparation to airlift elements of the US 1st Infantry Division, equipped with Abrams tanks and Bradley fighting vehicles to establish a staging area.

Increased attention of US Forces to the northern front was emphasized when earlier in the day, US warplanes pounded Iraqi positions in the north. Five large explosions threw up plumes of black smoke on the hilltops overlooking Chamchamal, a town in the Kurd-controlled Iraqi enclave wrested from Baghdad after the 1991 Gulf War.

Oil Trench Fire Smoke Fills Sky

Early Thursday, 27 March (Day-8), at 0400 hours (local), waves of explosions rocked Baghdad overnight as the Iraqi capital marked a grim week since the start of a US led war aimed at ousting President Saddam Hussein. More than 30 blasts could be heard around the city in at least four rounds through the night, keeping sleep-deprived residents on edge. Anti-aircraft fire could be heard during the latest 10 blasts and almost exactly a week since US led forces began the war on March 20 with a dawn raid at 0533 hours (local). Some of the overnight explosions were near the center of the capital, others around the fringes of a sprawling city that is home to five million people. Smoke, from the burning oil trenches, continues to blanket the sky over Baghdad.

Following up on previous overnight reconnaissance reports, waves of B-52 bombers pounded the convoy of Iraqi military vehicles before they could reach the lead elements of the 3rd Squadron, 7th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division in Najaf, about 60 miles south of Baghdad. The force was smaller than initial intelligence reports suggested and that most of the force was destroyed. Air traffic controllers with the US Air Force that the bombers pounded the convoy "almost into oblivion."

The vicious sandstorms that blunted US airpower for days began to abate as US forces headed north toward Baghdad, warned of a possible confrontation with a huge Iraqi convoy moving south - Saddam Hussein's best-trained, best-equipped and most tenacious fighters, the Republican Guard. Through reconnaissance, it was later confirmed that the convoy consisted of "Technical Vehicles" (a pickup truck with machine guns mounted on the truck bed) manned by Militia units.

Ground Assault Convoy Moves Out

Vast columns of US military vehicles, one 10 miles long, rolled along a six-lane highway toward the Iraqi capital under skies clearing of the thick dust and sand that had made flying and often driving nearly impossible. A weather shift means a change in fortunes for allied forces likely able to resume bombing missions necessary to support troop advances to Baghdad.

As an indication that the push to Baghdad continues to build, the first American aircraft, a C-130 cargo transport, at Iraq's second largest airport, Tallil Airbase, just outside Nasariyah. Tallil Airbase was captured by US soldiers on Saturday. It is now an important base that will become a major forward resupply base for American forces. Supplies and men can be delivered there, without having to travel by ground from Kuwait and risk bloody encounters with Iraqi forces still roiling the south.

Tallil Airbase is the second largest airport in Iraq after Saddam International Airport at Baghdad. It was covered by the US - British enforced no-fly zones and has not been used since the 1991 Gulf War. Several American units already are operating at Tallil, where troops have designated it as "Bush International Airport."

Adding to the 90,000 ground troops that has flowed into Iraq since the start of the campaign, some 36,500 additional will soon join in the battle. Task Force IRONHORSE, consisting of 12,500 soldiers from the 4th Infantry Division based at Ft. Hood, TX, 4,000 soldiers from the 3rd Brigade, 4th ID based at Ft Carson, CO and 20,000 others from 10 different CONUS installations are in process of deployment. Soldiers from the US Army's 4th Infantry Division, which had planed to enter northern Iraq through Turkey, cased their colors and their advance parties began deployment - flying out of Fort Hood, TX on Thursday.

US - PUK Forces At Harir Airfield

As the northern front continues its buildup, Iraqi troops abandoned a key frontline position guarding access to the northern oil capital of Kirkuk, allowing Kurdish Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) militia to take it over. The pershmerga fighters of the PUK advanced through an exposed no-mans land after spotting Iraqi troops pulling back from the ridge, situated 40 kilometers due east of Kirkuk. The ridge overlooking PUK held Chamchamal was previously dotted with a string of Iraqi army bunkers, which have been twice targeted by limited US-British airstrikes.

The ridgeline is the main geographical obstacle between PUK held areas and Kirkuk. Several peshmergas moved along the ridge checking for any remaining Iraqi troops. They took over the first main Iraqi checkpost position on the road, passing over the ridge, to Kirkuk. The buildup of the northern front is intended to 1) form a controllable buffer zone between the southern border of Turkey and Iraq which prevents Turkey from entering the war on a political basis, 2) support the interdependence of the Kurdish population and 3) the new threat represented by US forces and equipment beginning to land in the Kurdish held north might force the Republican Guard units to move away from Baghdad in response to the threat, exposing them and making them more venerable to air attack.

The impact of Turkey's refusal to use their southern border territory for the launch of a northern front will cause the political winds to swirl long after the war ends in Iraq. Testifying in a supplemental budget request meeting, deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz told Congress "Turkey made a big mistake - There's no question, if we had a US armored force in northern Iraq right now, the end of the war would be closer,"

Continuing the relentless targeted attacks on the capital city, explosions shook central Baghdad and more blasts rocked the city's outskirts. A new wave of bombing targeted the outskirts of the city in the latest of a series of attacks through the day and into the evening. New military defensive positions on the eastern and southern perimeter of Baghdad were pounded hard. Hours later, shortly after 2300 hours (local), the air assault delivered one of the strongest blasts felt in the city in days as allied forces zeroed in on one of Saddam Hussein's presidential compounds in the heart of Baghdad.

GPS Aided Munitions

(Following the attack, information released by the Defense Department indicated that the presidential compound was specifically targeted with a 4,700 pound GBU-37/B, satellite guided, "Bunker Buster". This was its first use in the campaign.) Iraq's satellite television channel has been cutting in and out since the overnight attacks, which marked one of the heaviest bombing days of the war in Iraq.

Another round of powerful explosions began on Friday, 28 March (Day-9) at 0230 hours (local). and went on for a half hour, with aircraft heard flying overhead and bursts of antiaircraft fire. The Palestine Hotel, where many reporters were staying, shook violently during the blasts. Coalition air forces and Tomahawk missiles took out a communications and command and control facilities in the capital city during the night.

On Friday, in the first major movement on the northern front against Baghdad, fighters from the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) captured the town of Qarah Anjir, situated in hills east of Kirkuk. A major task in the undertaking was the clearing scores of anti-tank and anti-personnel mines left behind by the retreating Iraqi army.

The Iraqi Kurd rebels advanced to within 16 kilometers (10 miles) of the northern oil capital Kirkuk after Iraqi government forces abandoned their positions, bringing them to within striking distance of their most prized objective.

America's battle plan for Baghdad is taking shape, with US forces now in position to strike the Iraqi capital from nearly all sides, or to mount a siege and wait for Saddam Hussein's regime to surrender or fall to internal opposition.

Current Battle Positions

US forces heading for Baghdad from central and southeast Iraq were massed in three large forces, the 3rd Mechanized Infantry Division near Karbala, about 50 miles southwest of Baghdad, and the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force fighting its way north toward Al-Kut along Highway 8, about 100 miles away. In the longest air assault over hostile territory in the history of warfare, Operation HUGE INROAD, elements of the Army's 101st Airborne Division advanced well out of southern Iraq deep into the center of the country, in a location about 120 miles from Baghdad. To counter the buildup, Iraqi commanders have been reinforcing their units in both cities, built around Republican Guard armored divisions.

In the early stages of a growing indication of a major battle, US troops used tanks, artillery and helicopters in a clash with an Iraqi force of about 1,500 men overnight near the town of Najaf in central Iraq. It was not immediately apparent whether the Iraqis were regular troops or elite Republican Guards. Armed with artillery, they were moving from a position northeast of Najaf when they were detected.

One group of Marines traded fire with Iraqi forces amid the burning buildings of An Nasiriyah, while others pushed north of the strategic city in a grinding bumper-to-bumper movement of weapons and supplies. Clashing repeatedly with Iraqi fighters in front and behind, the convoy was moving and night, headlights out, on a fighting drive north toward Baghdad.

Marine Reflects On The Battle

At both the southern city of An Nasiriyah and Ad Diwaniyah in the south, central part of the country, the Marines called in Cobra helicopters and other aircraft to pound Iraqi ground forces. In An Nasiriyah, Marines and Iraqi forces exchanged tank and artillery fire in a clash that set the power plant and other buildings on fire and cast thick black smoke over the town.

A CH-46 Marine transport helicopter was forced to turn back after being fired on while trying to pick up casualties and deliver supplies to Marines fighting in An Nasiriyah. Iraqis fired small arms and rocket-propelled grenades.

An Nasiriyah, located on the Euphrates River near a junction of roads that lead from Kuwait to Baghdad, has been the scene of some of the fiercest fighting of the war, prompting Marines to call the southern entrances to the city "Ambush Alley".

Late Friday, US led air forces diversified their campaign over Iraq, bolstered by forces of the Army's 101st Airborne Division. Apache helicopter gunships raided Republican Guard units south of Baghdad. In the 101st Airborne's first major attack during the war two of the Apaches crashed, but all crew members escaped injury. Helicopters from the 2nd Battalion took out four tanks, six armored personnel carriers, 15 vehicles, a fuel site and a fiber-optics tower.

The attack force also included artillery and Air Force jets. There was no substantial damage from enemy fire to the helicopters beyond some small-arms and anti-aircraft fire, but two of them crashed in conditions pilots called a "brown-out", which is caused by clouds of brown desert sand stirred up when a helicopter approaches the ground. One pilot from the first crash had a possible broken leg, but the others were in relatively good shape.

As British troops encircled the southern city of Basra, a few thousand Iraqi civilians tried to flee the besieged city but were chased back into the city by mortar and machine gun fire from Iraqi local paramilitary forces. Soldiers from the British 1st Black Watch battalion, 7th Armor Brigade positioned their Warrior armored fighting vehicles between the militia fire and the targeted civilians. This action is perhaps are the first pieces of evidence that the Iraqi paramilitary wants to keep their population in the city as a shield. and they fired on them to force them to return.

RFA Sir Galahad Arrives At Umm Oasr

The first humanitarian relief supply ship, the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA) Sir Galahad (L3005), flanked by patrol boats and assault helicopters, approached the southern port of Umm Qasr on Friday. The ship, a British naval supply vessel, brought the first shipment of aid to Iraq since the start of the US led invasion. It carried 200 tons of food, medicine and blankets and also water, was due to dock at Iraq's only deepwater port at about 1600 hours (local). The arrival of the ship was delayed because of mines in the waterway.

Just ahead of it was the British mine-detecting ship HMS Sandown, clearing a route. The security escort only underscored the lingering risks of navigating the Khor Abdallah waterway, where US and British mine sweeping teams had found and detonated six potential mines in the past 36 hours.

Working intensively to clear the port entrance of mines, the teams had cleared a 200 yard-wide channel along the 40 mile-route from the Persian Gulf into the port of Umm Qasr, which allied forces are hoping to make the center for humanitarian relief distribution.

On Friday, the UN Security Council unanimously approved a resolution to restart the UN humanitarian aid program once the US led war winds down. The program had providing food to 60 percent of Iraq's 22 million people until it was halted last week before war erupted. The resolution aims to hasten delivery of aid by giving Secretary-General Kofi Annan control for 45 days over the oil-for-food program that utilized Baghdad's oil revenues to get in medical supplies and food.>

Taking a more aggressive posture against the besieged Iraqi city of Basra on Friday evening, US warplanes fired laser-guided missiles destroyed a two-story building where some 200 Iraqi loyalist paramilitary fighters were meeting. In what the Central Command called "an emerging target.", a pair of F-15E Strike Eagles fired laser-guided munitions fitted with delayed fuses, meaning they penetrated the building before detonating to minimize the external blast effect. The report describing to mission indicated that, a church 300 yards from the two-story building was undamaged.

Smoke And Fire Light The Night Sky

The bombing cycle of the capital city is now almost in a 24x7 sequence. The US and British forces maintained its relentless, round-the-clock bombing of Baghdad. A few hours' lull ended when blasts hit the southern outskirts again Saturday, 29 March (Day-10), shortly after midnight at 0100 hours (local), at least one missile plowed into the Information Ministry, where top government officials have held numerous press conferences since the start of the war. Clouds of white smoke rose into the sky and the explosion shook windows in the city. Anti-aircraft fire lit the sky as the sound of warplanes droned overhead. Observers indicated that a missile may have pierced the roof of the main 11-storey building. Aerials and satellite dishes on the roof were broken and the area around the building was littered with broken glass.

The city's mosques began broadcasting the call to prayer over their loudspeakers as the raid began. A media pool television camera on the Information Ministry building was still filming after the blast, indicating that if the building had been targeted, it was not destroyed. As dawn broke on Saturday, the distant thud of air raids shook the southern approaches of the Iraqi capital where the crack Republican Guard are believed to be dug in, preparing for an expected attack by US forces. The fires, started a week ago by authorities around the capital to conceal targets, burned furiously, sending darker than usual clouds over the city on an otherwise clear day.

uwait City Souq Sharq Mall Damage

The war escalated to a new level as a missile fell into the sea at 0145 hours (local), Saturday and exploded near the Souq Sharq Mall, one of the largest, multi level shopping center in Kuwait City early Saturday, but it caused no injuries and little damage. Parts of the ceiling and walls littered the ground in a covered entry way after the explosion. Glass doors and windows were shattered and some doors were knocked off their hinges. Television images also showed smoke rising over the Kuwaiti skyline.

Souq Sharq is on the Kuwaiti seafront and includes a marina, shops and restaurants. The missile, subsequently identified as a Chinese built Silkworm ship-to-ship missile fired from the vicinity peninsula in Iraq, was the 13th fired at Kuwait since the US led military campaign to oust Iraq's Saddam Hussein began on 20 March. None is believed to have carried chemical or biological warheads, and none has caused damage or injury.

A Militia Fighter Raises KDP Flag

In the new northern front, US forces and Kurdish fighters struck at Islamic militant camps and advancing against Saddam Hussein's army after the Iraqi soldiers fell back at least 12 miles from the Qushtapa checkpoint to apparently regroup near Perdeh, also known as Altun Kupri, to about 30 miles from Kirkuk, the oil center of Kirkuk. The town has an important bridge over the Little Zab River. Bypassing the bridge would require coalition forces to make difficult and potentially dangerous detours through rolling hills where Iraqis could stage guerrilla-style ambushes.

An official on the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), which controls part of the autonomous Kurdish enclave, indicated that during the pullback, Saddam Hussein's forces had executed as many as 60 Iraqi soldiers who tried to cross from government territory to the Kurdish-held north to join their ranks.

Kurdish scouts advanced slowly along an emptied stretch of the Irbil-Kirkuk road, which appeared to be mined in places. Iraqi soldiers left behind cinder block bunkers, coils of barbed wire and sandbags. Kurds planted the yellow flag of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, one of the two main Kurdish factions, atop a small hill overlooking an abandoned village.

Iraqis Leaves As Basra Crumbles

On Saturday, striking before dawn, British tanks and infantry staged a lightning raid into besieged Basra, destroying five Iraqi tanks and blowing up two statues of Saddam Hussein before withdrawing without casualties. The strike was the first thrust into the city and it and other limited attacks around Basra could be a preview of how coalition commanders might deal with a siege of Baghdad.

Not to forget, while the swamp is being drained in Iraq, that the battle against world terrorism continues. as the US broke up alleged Iraqi terrorist plots in at least two countries in the Middle East which may uncover information on similar plans to be carried out in almost a dozen cities around the world, The disrupted attacks had been planned by members of Iraq's intelligence service masquerading as diplomats and had targeted US and British interests.

Earlier in this month the US had requested some 60 countries to expel Iraqi intelligence agents posing as diplomats had been instrumental to breaking up of the plots. The two countries in which the attacks had been thwarted were not identified, but those nations did assist in disrupting the plans. On Sunday, Jordan expelled five Iraqi diplomats, accusing them of trying to undermine "security" in the kingdom.

Information obtained from Iraqi POWs indicates that al-Qaeda fighters may be in southern Iraq, operating in Az Zubayr, coordinating grenade and gun attacks on British forces in a town near Basra. If the prisoners' report is true, it may provide a concrete link between Saddam Hussein's regime and the terrorists who attacked the World Trade Center.

Several links between al-Qaeda and Iraq have been reported previously in northern Iraq, an al-Qaeda-affiliated group called Ansar al-Islam who is allegedly plotting suicide attacks on US forces and has allegedly experimented with chemical weapons. Other reports indicate that Ansar al-Islam has about 600 members and it may be getting reinforcements from al-Qaeda cells in Chechnya and other regions as indicated by the information that two members of an Afghanistan-based al-Qaeda cell were killed this week in a shootout between US and Ansar al-Islam forces.

Conflagration Background Lighting

Coalition forces continued to attack Baghdad from the air Saturday, pummeling the Iraqi capital with thunderous bombs and strafing fire. Returning waves of aircraft and missiles starting with the first strike of four heavy explosions in the center the city at 1930 hours (local), two more loud explosive blasts at 2200 Hours (local) and a continuous bombardment before and after midnight. Three of every four allied airstrikes are now targeting Republican Guard forces that ring Baghdad standing between advancing columns of US ground troops and Saddam Hussein's government.

A series of the "key" strikes of satellite-guided bombs targeted the main training site for Iraqi Fedayeen paramilitary forces who are in charge of security functions in eastern Baghdad, a presidential palace, intelligence complex and surface-to-air missile sites.

Early on Sunday, 30 March (Day-11), four very loud, deafening explosions rocked a Baghdad residential compound where many government officials live northwest of the Information Ministry, as one of the fiercest US led air assaults of the war stretched into a second day. Black smoke was seen billowing from apartment buildings in the area, which is believed to contain underground bunkers and is usually off-limits to ordinary Iraqis. At one point, an orange fireball illuminated the sky, followed by columns of white smoke. The bombing in central Baghdad targeted a complex inside a presidential palace that was used by President Saddam Hussein's powerful son Qusay. In a second round of attacks at first light, explosions thudded around the edges of Baghdad and nearby areas where Republican Guard defenders are based.

Targeting Of The Republican Guard

Further south, the 2nd Battalion, 70th Armored Regiment launched an intense artillery and mortar barrages at Iraqi troops close to the southern city of Najaf overnight. The battle carried on through most of the night but was particularly heavy between 0100 and 0200 hours (local). The focus of the bombardment took place close to a bridge across the Euphrates river just north of Najaf, a holy Shiite city 100 miles south of Baghdad. The Iraqis returned fire with rocket propelled grenades and small arms fire.

US and British forces overriding impression of "Lessons Learned" by the first week's combat is that the Iraqis have developed an elaborate set of "dirty" tactics to capitalize on the Coalition's reluctance to endanger civilian lives. According to troops here, Iraqi forces have:

• Forced women and children to act as human shields in buildings occupied by Iraqi troops.
• Located headquarters in schools, day care facilities and, in one case in Nasiriyah, a children's hospital.
• Lured US forces into an ambush by pretending to surrender.
• Positioned artillery in residential areas so that even when radar systems locate it, commanders won't pummel it.
• Used ambulances with the Red Crescent symbol, the equivalent of the Red Cross, as personnel carriers, ferrying reinforcements to Iraqi positions under the noses of US troops.
• Worn US and British uniforms.
• Forced women and children to retrieve dead Iraqi troops and their weapons.
• Forced Iraqi civilian men and regular soldiers to fight by threatening to kill them and their families if they refused.

The Iraqi troops using these tactics are, for the most part, not regular army soldiers. Rather than rely on his regular soldiers, Saddam has pushed up to 30,000 of his most loyal paramilitary troops south from Baghdad into the towns and cities of southern Iraq.

Armed Reconnaissance In Force

Sunday, thousands of US Marines pushed north along Route 80, known as the "Highway of Death", toward Baghdad in "seek and destroy" missions, trying to open the route to the Iraqi capital and stop days of attacks along a stretch that has become known as "Ambush Alley." Moving into previously unsecured areas, US Marines provoked hidden Iraqi fighters into attacking them in order to identify their positions and engage in battle. Fierce fighting was under way meanwhile in Najaf, 100 miles south of Baghdad, bringing their reconnaissance helicopters into direct contact with Iraqi forces firing mortars.

Army supply trucks appeared on the Marine route north for the first time Sunday, supporting field reports that US Army and Marine forces were meeting for the first time and may join in together for the ground invasion, which previously had the Marines moving along Route 80 and Army forces punching their way northwest across desert terrain.

Escorting Prisoners To Security

Troops of the 3rd Infantry Division and 101st Airborne Division encircled the Iraqi city of Najaf on Sunday, blocking roads into town and preparing to go door to door to root out paramilitary supporters of Saddam Hussein. Najaf, about 100 miles south of Baghdad, is a key stepping stone to the capital, but moving into the Shiite holy city could be a dangerous operation.

Coalition forces are concerned about resistance from paramilitary groups and other die-hard supporters of Saddam who often travel in civilian vehicles and use unconventional war tactics to maintain the regime. Using loud speakers mounted on their Humvees, the soldiers will soon begin requesting that the townspeople take the initiative and turn over paramilitary members. They also will stress that the Americans have no intention of harming civilians.

There has been no time line established for possibly entering the city. The most successful outcome would be that the Najaf residents would first rid the town of any paramilitary fighters. The alternative, and probably the most dangerous, would to engage in urban combat. In that case the enemy is positively identified only when he begins to shoot.

Coalition Airstrikes on Baghdad

Two large blasts rocked central Baghdad shortly after midnight on Monday, 31 March (Day-12), as US and British warplanes, flying low, kept up a fierce barrage on the Iraqi capital.Two explosions hit the city center, while more blasts were heard, along with anti-aircraft fire, in the southern outskirts, where Republican Guard are believed to be dug in to defend the capital from advancing Coalition forces.

The raid came as large fires continued to rage near the center of the city, sending clouds of black smoke billowing into the sky. The blaze was apparently from an oil-filled trench set alight in the hope of hampering laser targeting by US and British air strikes.US - led troops fought pitched battles with Saddam Hussein's Republican Guard within 50 miles of the capital Monday as coalition warplanes pounded the city and dozens of other Iraqi positions in advance of the battle for Baghdad. Early Monday, a few US military units moved into the "red zone" around Baghdad as others cautiously made their way up the Euphrates River, taking on stubborn clusters of resistance.

Looking Over The Euphrates River

In the closest battle yet to Saddam's seat of power, an armored unit of the 3rd Infantry Division, Task Force 4-64, spearheading the drive on Baghdad battled their way into the town of Hindiyah, 50 miles from the capital Monday, trading fire with Iraqis hidden behind brick walls and hedges, and captured dozens of members of Saddam Hussein's vaunted Republican Guard. The street-to-street fighting at the key Euphrates River crossing was the war's closest battle to Baghdad.

At least 35 Iraqi troops were reported killed in the fighting in Hindiyah, situated between the sacred city of Karbala and the ruins of ancient Babylon. The prisoners told the Americans they belonged to the guard's Nebuchadnezzar Brigade, based in Saddam's home area of Tikrit, and they had the guard's triangular insignia.

Massive Airstrikes On Baghdad

In Baghdad, coalition attacks on leadership and command and control centers were carried out simultaneously by multiple B-1, B-2 and B-52 bombers on the same target, according to US Central Command, which oversees the war in Iraq. At 0200 hours (local), a missile strike on the information ministry touched off a fire at the nearby 28 April Shopping Center, named for Saddam's birthday. A telephone office was struck later in the day.

Further south, Apaches of the US army's elite airborne unit, the 101st Airborne Division, were involved in "medium" intensity battles with Iraqi forces near the holy Shiite city of Najaf. The Apache and Kiowa Warrior helicopters have struck a range of military targets around Najaf, about 160 kilometers (100 miles) southwest of Baghdad, in support of ground troops in the area.

During the engagement,described as "medium intensity" combat, they destroyed several ammunition storage facilities, some air defense systems, many vehicles as well as ammunition trucks. However, one of the several helicopter that took small arms fire from forces hiding "inside houses", was unable to respond to the fire because its weapons system failed after being struck.

British Attacks With Sidewinders

British forces engaged in fierce fighting as they tried to push towards Basra to take Iraq's southern metropolis, seen as the linchpin to coalition control of the entire south. In Operation JAMES (Bond), the Royal Commandos with tanks and armored vehicles attacked from the southeast, where 600 soldiers were in their second day of combat after moving through the neighboring town of Abu Al Khasib 20 kilometers (12 miles) away.

British aircraft provided close air support for tanks moving into Basra itself. Meanwhile, British artillery pounded the western suburbs of the city, according to the Arabic news channel Al-Jazeera, which showed live pictures of clouds of smoke and debris said to be concentrated on an area six kilometers (four miles) from Basra's center. Conquering the city would mark the first major victory for coalition forces.

Northern Iraq Incursion

In the Northern sector of Iraq, US forces and their Kurdish allies have captured a suspected terrorist camp near Biyare, Iraq, located in the northeastern rocky border region between Iraq and Iran, that was the one US Secretary of State Colin Powell mentioned in his much-publicized speech before the UN Security Council last month as one of the proofs of the Iraqi government's secret ties to Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network, blamed for the 11 September 2001 attacks on the United States.

The camp, run by Islamic radicals who call themselves Ansar al-Islam, had been pummeled by US AC-130 gunships and British aircraft and missiles pounded the Ansar compound from the air for several days before the coalition and Kurdish ground forces entered the compound, located in a Kurdish-controlled area near the border with Iran. The Ansar al-Islam training camp bore a striking resemblance to al-Qaeda bases in Afghanistan, thriving in desolate areas beyond the control of local officials. An undisclosed number of captured defenders are not Iraqis, nor are they Iranians, but they're most likely al-Qaeda.

Analysis of the cache of documents discovered at the Ansar al-Islam compound, including computer discs, list of names of suspected militants living in the United States and foreign passports belonging to Arab fighters from around the Middle East, may be the strongest evidence yet linking the group to al-Qaeda. In addition, there were indications that the group had been getting help from inside neighboring Iran.

Cruise Missiles Strikes Baghdad

As darkness fell on Baghdad, US and British forces delivered a dozen cruise missiles in a lightning attack, including two that slammed into a sprawling presidential compound of Saddam Hussein. The ominous whistle of the missiles was heard in the sky before a series of explosions shook the city, with the effect of knocking out electrical services of entire neighborhoods.

The missile attack appeared to be most concentrated strike on the center of Baghdad since the war began, and state buildings appeared to have been hit. Balls of smoke slowly merged into a single cloud above the battered city. War planes were briefly heard high above in the sky, carrying out another of what coalition commanders had said are thousands of bombing raids that have been chipping away at Saddam's 24-year grip on power.

Northern Iraq Incursion

US air forces have dropped more than 8,000 precision guided munitions and 700 Tomahawk cruise missiles since the war began 12 days ago. These intensive US and British air strikes have significantly degraded Republican Guard units defending the approaches to Baghdad. Along with the airstrikes, the US and British ground forces are conducting armed reconnaissance maneuvers close in to the defense lines of Baghdad to flush out and destroy them. The Republican Guard, Iraq's best armed, best trained and most loyal divisions - are the most formidable line of conventional military defenses around Baghdad.

Of the 1,000+ strike sorties that were launched yesterday in Iraq, eighty percent were against the four elite divisions around Baghdad - the Medina, the Hammurabi, the Baghdad and the Al Nida Divisions. Analysis of the results of this constant bombardment indicates a significant degradation and weakening of those forces. Interviews with captured Iraqi Generals indicate that the Republican Guard may now be degraded to a manpower level equal to one-half of their original staff. Republican Guard formations have moving around the battlefield, apparently to reinforce other forces that have a degraded capability or been significantly damaged by air strikes.

Repeated Strikes On Key Targets

Explosions, thundering in the outskirts of Baghdad, started on Tuesday, 01 April (Day-13), right after midnight 0000 hours (local),shaking buildings in the center of the city as the coalition maintained its relentless bombardment of the Iraqi capital. The compound, on the banks of the River Tigris, used by Saddam, his son Qusay and aides, was one on the reoccurring targets. Another large explosion came from the headquarters of the Iraqi Olympic Committee, headed by Saddam's eldest son, Uday. Scores of additional explosions sounded from the edges of the city through the rest of the night, lighting the sky with flames and clouds of dense smoke rising into the night sky.

The latest attacks followed three days of concentrated bombardment on key targets of key government buildings, military and presidential sites in the heart of the city of Baghdad as US led ground troops fought their way, through heavy resistance, to within 50 miles of the capital city.

Coalition bombardments have focused recently on Republican Guard units protecting the approaches to Baghdad. The goal is to wear down Saddam's best-trained forces ahead of a US led ground assault on the capital. At least 8,000 members of the Republican Guard's Medina division are positioned between Karbala and Baghdad, reportedly in the Karbala Gap, an area between a large reservoir and the Euphrates River. Inside Karbala, at least 4,000 Iraqi militiamen and soldiers may be laying in wait,The Iraqis are also believed to have positioned several dozen tanks near the city, mainly vintage T-55s and T-62s.

PFC Lynch Carried To Helicopter

A team of Navy SEALs and Army Rangers, in a daring night time air assault, rescued 19-year-old, prisoner of war, PFC. Jessica Lynch of the 507th Maintenance Company, on 01 April, while Marines created a diversion elsewhere in Nassiriya. Lynch had been captured on 23 March after her convoy was ambushed in the southern Iraqi city of Nasiriyah. As soon as Iraqi had televised the capture of the 507th's other members, the US agencies began an exhaustive search to determine their location. They had intelligence on Lynch's whereabouts even before an Iraqi lawyer identified only as Mohammed scouted the hospital and after finding her, hiked 6 miles to tip off the Marines after seeing her slapped around at the hospital. In addition a courageous Iraqi spy working for the CIA video taped the Nassiriya hospital where PFC. Jessica Lynch was being held before her daring rescue.

The first decisive battle of the war in Iraq may be coming in a place called the Karbala Gap. After days of pounding the Medina Division of Iraq's Republican Guard with airpower and artillery, the US 3rd Infantry Division is preparing to launch the war's first major ground attack against Saddam Hussein's best soldiers. It was reported that on Monday, the Guard's Nebuchadnezzar Division had been moved from near Tikrit, Saddam's hometown, south to reinforce the Medina Division near Karbala.

US Forces On The Road to Baghdad

On Tuesday, US forces resumed their northward advance toward Baghdad after a pause of several days. US forces pressed their military operations south of Baghdad ahead of an expected major push on the Iraqi capital. US Army soldiers edged closer to Baghdad, fighting from behind sandbags and punching through one front-line Republican Guard unit outside Saddam Hussein's capital. A series of ruse attacks by militants in civilian clothes had made the trek north increasingly dangerous for coalition troops. In the first major clash of American soldiers, on the road to Baghdad, are fighting bloody street-to-street battles with militants loyal to Saddam Hussein.

The campaign began with the bombing and engagement of Iraqi troops across a large arc south of Baghdad on Tuesday, a day-and-night pounding meant to pave the way for an attack on the capital. Warplanes unleashed a thunderous nighttime barrage against Republican Guard units positioned around Karbala, about 50 miles from the capital. The 101st Airborne and the US Army's 3rd Infantry Division were active in a concerted drive against Baghdad with two formations of US marines to their east also moving toward the capital.

Iraqi Soldiers Held At Diwaniyah

About 80 miles southeast of Baghdad, on the outskirts of Diwaniyah, Marines battled Iraqi Republican Guardsmen and other fighters who fired on them from fortified bunkers and positions in buildings and behind vehicles. The Iraqis, armed with rocket-propelled grenades, machine guns and small arms, were outmatched, but kept fighting for about 10 hours.

At least 75 Iraqi fighters were killed and 44 were taken prisoner, including two Republican Guard officers. The Marines, who provoked the fight by going into an area where they had been fired on before, used 155mm artillery to clear mortar nests and destroy Iraqi tanks.

Prisoners Searched At Checkpoint

US forces are "very close" to securing the strategically important central Iraqi city of Najaf located 150 kilometers (95 miles) south of Baghdad. Najaf is a key city in the US military push towards Baghdad because control of it would allow smoother supply and communication lines. The 101st Airborne Division has been heavily involved in the Najaf campaign. Increasing the tempo of the battle, they sending infantry troops as well as Kiowa Warrior and Apache helicopters, with the 3rd Infantry Division supplying mechanized and armored support.

During the battle, the infantry, helicopters and tanks met strong resistance in the city over the past three days, but Iraqi soldiers now appears to have given up their defense posts.

Meanwhile in Basra, a southern city of 1.3 million, warplanes dropped 500 pound and 1,000 pound laser-guided bombs on an Iraqi intelligence complex. Flares lit the night so that the British units could more closely observe the actions of die-hard Iraqi defenders have kept them at bay for days. After nearly two weeks of war.

British Guard Outside Umm Qasr

Further south, in the port city of Umm Qasr that is firmly under British control, lights went on for the first time in months. Exhibiting a degree of confidence, some British forces in southern Iraq were wearing berets in public, shedding their more warlike helmets in areas deemed safe. Fresh water also began flowing into Umm Qasr from a pipeline in neighboring Kuwait. American and British commanders indicated that the Iraqi civilians residents were showing signs that they becoming more acceptable in providing assistance to forces fighting Saddam's regime.

In support of the final drive to Baghdad. fresh US forces are flowing to the Persian Gulf, including 500 members of the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment who left their Ft. Polk, LA base on Sunday. Personnel along with their Humvee scout vehicles, Kiowa reconnaissance helicopters and other equipment were sent by air, enabling them to get to Iraq quicker than if the equipment had been sent by sea as originally planned. Other members of the 2nd Armored Cavalry are to go by sea. Their mission is to help protect US supply lines from Iraqi attack.

The first echelon of soldiers from the 4th Infantry Division, Task Force IRONHORSE, began to arrive in Kuwait on American Airlines flight 777 to join up with their military equipment, including Apache fighter helicopters, Bradley fighting vehicles and Humvee armored vehicles, on ships which was diverted from their holding position off the shores of Turkey. The first four, of a total of 36 ships, offloaded at the port of Shuaibah.

The 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment, based at Ft. Carson, CO, will also be arriving. Five transports, carrying its equipment from ports in Texas, are now on their way to the Gulf and two more are in process of loading.

Bombardment Prior To Advancing

Early on Wednesday, 02 April (Day-14), at 0200 hours (local), US warplanes returned to pounded central Baghdad striking a presidential compound where President Saddam Hussein's son Qusay has his headquarters and sending thick smoke into the sky above the Iraqi capital. Three bombs hit the compound near the Tigris River where Qusay Hussein, who commands the Republican Guard, is based. The compound has been bombed several times before in recent days.

Smoke poured out of a tall building to the west of the city center, where many government buildings were located. A communications center near a bridge across the river Tigris also appeared to have been hit as fames rose from the area. Smoke also rose to the east of the center in an area where airforce and other military buildings are situated. Tracers, profiling the trajectories of, anti-aircraft fire lit the sky as aircraft could be heard flying overhead.

Sustained explosions could also be heard toward the southern outskirts of the sprawling city, where Republican Guards are believed to have dug in to defend Saddam, in the path of advancing US troops.

The US Coalition offensive had planned a major ground offensive in the days following intensive bombing of the Adnan (to the north), Baghdad, Medina. Hammurabi, Nebuchadnezzar and Al Nida Divisions of the Republican Guard, Iraq's best trained, best armed and most loyal forces. On Wednesday, US troops, entering what is expected to be the fiercest combat of the war in Iraq, launched a major ground offensive south of Baghdad in a twin-pronged attack, Army forces from the southwest and Marines from the southeast, passed two key hurdles in their advance on the Iraqi capital and battering elite Republican Guard units in punishing raids.

3rd ID Moves North Toward Karbala

In the southwest, in an attack launched at midnight, elements of the 3rd Infantry Division, spearheading the attack, surged past the strategic city of Karbala, some 80 kilometers (50 miles) to the southwest of the capital, targeting an estimated 2,000 paramilitary fighters. The Shiite Muslim shrine city of Karbala sits on the main approach to Baghdad from the southwest, was encircled and hit by night-long bombardment from artillery and aircraft.

Foregoing an entry to the city, they went around it and, passing through a key strip of desert to the west of Karbala, engaged the Medina Division of the Republican Guard and took control of the dam on Lake al-Milh. Following the attack, battle assessments indicate that the Medina Division, Republican Guard was degraded, rendering them incapable of effective maneuvering.

To the southeast, the Marine 1st Expeditionary Force bombed Al-Kut, a key city on the Tigris river, on Wednesday, in a renewed advance toward the Iraqi capital Baghdad. They seized the strategic town of Al-Kut, around 150 kilometers (90 miles) southeast of the Iraqi capital and routed the Baghdad Division of the Republican Guard division force that had been guarding the highway leading to Baghdad.

After securing the bridge, Marines manned machine-guns from cover, wary of possible attack from nearby palm groves or houses. A Humvee all-terrain vehicle broadcast loudspeaker messages to the local people, telling fighters to surrender, while Huey combat helicopters circled overhead. Crossing the Tigris river at Al-Kut taking control of the important Highway 6, they opened a vital route for supply and troop movements towards Baghdad. Heralded as a major movement, the operational capability of the Baghdad Division, Republican Guard was degraded, rendering them incapable of effective maneuvering and being able to stop coalition maneuvers.

101st Airborne Marches Into Town

In a separate engagement, the 101st Airborne Division troops moved into central city of Najaf from the south, US and British fighter jets attacked from the air. Mounting a fierce attack on suspected Fedayeen positions around the city, strafing buildings from A-10 Warthog ground attack planes and calling in British fighter jets to bomb the city's Baath Party headquarters.

The attack on Najaf was aimed at clearing out the Fedayeen, paramilitary fighters who have spearheaded resistance to the US and British invasion. The attack drew return fire from defenders who took refuge by hiding in one of the world's holiest Muslim shrines. Attacking such holy sites would alienate Iraq's majority Shiite population, whose support the coalition has been trying to rally, and inflame Shiite feelings against the United States worldwide, particularly in Iran. Although return fire is allowable under the rules of engagement, with restraint, none was returned in fear that the shrine would be damaged.

Chemical Protection

But confidence over the steady northward advance was tempered by fear of the unknown. Lead US infantry units donned their chemical suits after capturing a bridge 40 miles southwest of Baghdad. Some Marines began putting on their protective boots, adding to the chemical environment resistance provided by the suits they already wear, and Marine helicopter pilots were advised for the first time to be ready to don chemical suits at a moment's notice - now that the so-called red zone, the range of guns and missiles defending Baghdad, has been breached.

On Wednesday the US bombing, part of a gradual escalation along the northern front, continued as aircraft bombed Iraqi troops in Kurdish-held northern Iraq them to retreat in several areas on the second day. The Iraqi forces left some of their front-line positions in such a hurry that they abandoned valuable supplies of ammunition and injectors containing the nerve gas antidote atropine. They also left behind a deadly trail of mines.

As the bombing was in progress, Kurdish fighters and residents of Kifri, a town of 20,000 people 75 miles northeast of Baghdad, ran into the streets, pocked with shell craters, and climbed onto rooftops to watch planes. pound Iraqi positions about one mile away. They cheered as smoke rose above hilltop bunkers.

Late Wednesday the 3rd Infantry Division came to within 20 miles of the southern outskirts of Baghdad and were firing rockets north at the Iraqi positions. US spy planes spotted the reinforcement units of Iraq's Republican Guard moving south from the capital during the night and early Thursday, 03 April (Day-15), other Iraqi units began to reinforce positions around the capital's airport which is a prime candidate for an air assault base for spearheading entering and operating around the city of Baghdad.

Also on early Thursday morning, a UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter went down in southern Iraq, killing two of the 6 soldiers aboard. The helicopter, the second to go down in combat, was downed by small-arms fire near Karbala, the site of fierce fighting between the 3rd Infantry Division and Iraqi troops, including Republican Guard forces. The other four wounded soldiers on board the Black Hawk were rescued. An investigation surrounding the incident is ongoing.

Huge explosions shattered the silence across Baghdad early Thursday at 0300 hours (local), with blasts rocking the center of the city and a plume of white smoke rising from the southern end of the Old Palace grounds in the capital. More cruise missiles and bombs hit Baghdad in the next 30 minutes. Afterward, the sound of intermittent explosions and occasional bursts of antiaircraft fire could be heard in the distance.

On Thursday continuing their northern drive, the 3rd Infantry Division and Marine 1st Expeditionary forces surged forward into the outskirts of Baghdad, yet to be slowed by the Republican Guard which appeared on the verge of collapse. Lead units of the multi-pronged US assault force were within about 10 miles of Baghdad, approaching Saddam International Airport. Army troops closed in from the southwest after crossing the Euphrates River and the Marines advanced from the southeast in a long column along the Tigris River. Both main force elements incurred minimal losses in those battles.

Smoke Billows From Oil Trenches

US led bombing raids around the outskirts of Baghdad appeared to have been intensively stepped up. Continuing air strikes pounded the southern edges of the city, whose approaches are controlling and are 15 kilometers (nine miles) from the center of Saddam Hussein's capital. The massive, booming explosions could be heard from the center of Baghdad.

Saddam's elite Republican Guard troops defending the capital have come under intense and regular bombardment, but it seemed to have been strongly stepped up after midday on Thursday. Explosions and the wail of air raid sirens have become a staple of Baghdad's nights since the campaign began with the first missile attack on 20 March.

US Navy Ship Cape Victory

On Thursday, the first group of four sea transports, carrying weapons and equipment of the 4th Infantry Division, completed unloading its cargo at the Kuwait City port. Upon completion of inspection and maintenance checks, the equipment will be loaded on Heavy Equipment Transporters and moved to a Tactical Assembly Area - Camp Pennsylvania, Kuwait, located close to the Iraq border, to meet up with 4th Infantry Division personnel. Almost simultaneously, the 1st echelon of the 4th Infantry Division, Task Force IRONHORSE were processed at a costal camp in Kuwait and relocated to camps near the Iraq to await deployment. The remainder of the Division personnel are being flown into Kuwait from their Ft. Hood, TX and Ft. Carson, CO bases on a schedule that matches their equipment arrivals.

Meanwhile in the city of Baghdad, a flood of deserters and civilians began moving out on buses, trucks, taxicabs and whatever they can catch a ride on, trying to make their way south to their families or American forces to surrender. US support aircraft had counted more than 60 buses filled with Iraqis fleeing Baghdad. With so many people on the road, it was impossible to conduct further military operations, it was necessary to stop and set up a hasty prisoner of war compound.

US Convoy With Kurdish Fighters

Also on Thursday at the northern front, Kurdish fighters awaiting reinforcements, backed by small groups of US soldiers, battled Iraqi forces on a road from Kalak which leads to Mosul, a city of 600,000, in northern Iraqi. Fighting broke out when the Kurdish forces were some 25 miles east of Mosul. During the firefight, which lasted around an hour, explosions could be heard from air raids on Iraqi positions and aircraft heard as US aircraft also pounded Iraqi positions. The Iraqi forces then pulled back about three miles toward Mosul. Late in the afternoon fighting resumed, with peshmerga fighters coming under mortar fire.

The 3rd Infantry Division continued the main drive north toward Baghdad, with a rain of US shells directed at the Saddam International Airport, about 12 miles southwest of the of the sprawling city of five million. Residents of the Iraqi capital heard artillery fire for the first time on the edge of the city. The Iraqi regime was headed into a third week of war, voicing undying defiance, as the aerial blitz of Baghdad appeared to grow heavier and US ground forces closed on the battered capital. Meanwhile there were indications of a continuous barrage of pounding fire that appeared to be coming from the southwestern Iraqi defense lines at 1700 hours (local).

Darkness Surrounds Baghdad Sky

Later Thursday night, troops of the 1st Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division, with the Iraqis waving and cheering as they moved forward, have captured the Baghdad Saddam International Airport, with tanks and armored units, against minimal Iraqi resistance. The assault began shortly after Baghdad was plunged into total darkness by a citywide power outage at 2000 hours (local). The only exception being a hotel that had its own electrical generating system. With artillery fire converging on the airport, US forces rolled through a six-mile shooting gallery, a single-lane road on the southern outskirts of the capital with Iraqi fighters firing from all sides.

In a Pentagon briefing describing the mission, it was alleged that the Iraqi Defense must have taken the initiative and turned off the electrical generating system for Baghdad, because the US Central Command had always avoided targeting any of the electrical power grids for humanitarian reasons.

Assault On Airport

In punishing heat, the tanks and Bradley armored vehicles targeted the Iraqi soldiers and fighters amid civilians standing next to their houses, watching the armored column pass. The operation was completed in less than four hours after allied troops launched the attack. Some units of the 3rd Infantry Division did encounter scattered firing by Iraqi foot soldiers and men in Technical Vehicles (pickups). Elements of four regular Iraqi army divisions had been stationed at the airport to defend it against the Coalition troops. Allied forces scouted out enemy positions before the 3rd Infantry Division closed on the airport.

The struggle for control of Baghdad gathered pace as US forces took partial control of the Iraqi capital's airport after racing to the outskirts of the city. More than 1,000 troops could be seen in and around the airport located 20 kilometers (12 miles) southwest of Baghdad, which came in for new bombing raids in the early hours of Friday, 04 April (Day-16) at 0200 (hours), that left buildings in flames. More explosions were heard in central Baghdad, bringing the total figure to 16 in the space of about three hours as US ground forces closed in on the Iraqi capital. Many of the strikes hit presidential palaces belonging to Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein.

Before dawn Friday, US infantry occupied part of Baghdad's airport and sealed the entrance closest to the capital, fighting to seize a strategic prize as coalition forces converged on Saddam Hussein's seat of government and closer to gaining control of a key lever of power. Tanks of the 3rd Division rumbled through the entrance of the sprawling Saddam International Airport, past a building-high portrait of the saluting Iraqi President. Gunshots were heard from inside, and it was unclear how many Iraqi troops remained in the airport, about 10 miles southwest of central Baghdad.

Baghdad International Airport

The United States claimed control over Baghdad airport, a strategic key in Saddam Hussein's regime, and defiantly announced his name had been stripped from the site. The facility, formerly known as "Saddam International Airport." airport, was designated as "Baghdad International Airport", a gateway to the future of Iraq. As US and British forces continue their military assault to end Saddam's 24-year iron grip on power in Iraq, the massive airport cannot be used by any regime officials trying to flee the country.

Combat patrols were moving through the area, which has numerous military and civilian buildings.The airport was a key first objective for the 3rd Infantry and Marines converging on the capital from the south. Securing it allows coalition forces to bring in more troops, military equipment and humanitarian aid.

Explosion Between Two Buildings

Tracer fire, explosives and burning buildings lit up an otherwise blacked-out Baghdad in the early morning hours of Friday, as a new round of explosions in the center of the city sent huge fireballs and plumes of smoke into the skies. Anti-aircraft fire could be heard near the airport, tracer rounds raced through the sky and artillery shells exploded in the air as aircraft roared overhead. Most of the blasts, on the outskirts of the city, where a number of presidential palaces were hit.

On the northern front, heavy fighting and bombardments continued. Kurdish and US forces were less than 18 miles from Mosul, Iraq's third-largest city, after Iraqi forces retreated. Iraqi soldiers, meanwhile, were struggling to hold control of the village of Khazer, six miles from the vast fortifications overlooking Kurdish-held Kalak, which they fled Wednesday. The allies fired artillery on Iraqi front-line positions Friday morning. The Iraqis returned fire with rockets and artillery and hit Kalak with several mortar strikes.

F-14 Strikes Kalk, Northern Iraq

F-14 Tomcats circled over the Iraqi positions about every 15 minutes during the heaviest bombing. Columns of black smoke rose from the Iraqi lines. The Iraqis could do nothing against the warplanes but answer with mortars and machine gun fire on Kurdish positions. Kurdish forces seized a key bridge at Khazer near the major northern city of Mosul on Friday and crossed into the village under artillery fire from retreating Iraqi troops. The Iraqis had struggled to hold Khazer since Thursday, after falling back six miles from their hilltop positions at Kalak on the main road between Kurdish-controlled Irbil and Iraqi-controlled Mosul, the third-largest city in Iraq.

In Saddam's hometown of Tikrit, about 56 miles northwest of Baghdad, US special operations forces seized the presidential palace, a summer vacation retreat for Saddam and his sons. The fighters encountered sporadic and light resistance on the ground, but troops overwhelmed them. No regime leaders were present when US forces raided the building. There was no indication that Saddam had been there recently. During the raid, US forces retrieved important documents and other material from the palace that could help in future battles and in the hunt for chemical and biological weapons.

The soldiers of "A" (Attack) Company, 2nd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division made steady progress through the southern outskirts of Baghdad, coming upon small pockets of Iraqi resistance and destroying them, one by one, for more than four hours, leaving pillars of black smoke rising in their wake. The armored juggernaut of sand-colored Bradley fighting vehicles and M1A1 Abrams tanks rolled down the narrow, single-lane farm roads and overwhelmed the Iraqi defenders, who fired small arms and rocket-propelled grenades from palm groves. Overall, US troops and warplanes involved in the sweep destroyed more than 13 tanks, three armored personnel carriers and four technical Vehicles (civilian trucks) used by Iraqi fighters. The roads around Baghdad were filled with burning trucks and military vehicles, the acrid black smoke creating a haze in the otherwise sunny day.

US Marines have reported that about 2,500 Iraqi Republican Guards surrendered between Kut and Baghdad. The surrender after clashes of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force and the Baghdad Division of the Republican Guard's who laid down their arms. Those who showed a propensity to fight become prisoners of war, while others who have shown they do not want to fight will be allowed to return home. Before this action, US Central Command had more than 4,500 POWs in custody.

Marines Under Fire By Iraqi Sniper

A battle Friday for a crucial crossroads 12 miles southeast of Baghdad involved the heaviest combat Marines had undertaken so far in Iraq, as members of the Al-Nida's 42nd and 43 Brigades, Republican Guard put up "a coordinated defense." The crossroads is one of the anchor points of a loose cordon that the Marines and the US Army's V Corps intend to hold around Baghdad, to keep military vehicles from entering or leaving but allow civilians to pass.

The Marines lost three of their best tanks in the two-hour battle and at least eight Marines were wounded, though they still captured their last objective before moving on to start operations into Baghdad. Two Cobra attack helicopters were hit by ground fire and made emergency landings, but returned to their bases in southern Iraq and were expected to return to the battle Saturday.

Army tanks and infantry of the 3rd Infantry Division, reinforced by elements of the 101st Airborne Division and the 94th Battalion, an engineering unit defended the Baghdad International Airport overnight after US forces won control early Friday. In addition, hundreds of US troops would added to the estimated 1,500 now at the airport. With US commandos already inside Baghdad, columns of Army and Marine armored vehicles advanced on the city from the southeast. meeting occasional stiff resistance.

Battle For Control Of Perimeter

Meanwhile, US Army and Marine units traded occasional heavy fire with Iraqi forces on the city's perimeter. The completion of mop-up operations in central Iraq will free up additional resources which will permit force concentration on the Baghdad perimeter security, rather than immediately launching a major effort to take immediate control of the city. In anticipation of a major urban warfare battle for Baghdad, thousands of frightened residents are fleeing the city in bumper-to-bumper traffic.

Deep in the "Red Zone" of Baghdad, US and Coalition Forces, with images of the apocalyptic urban warfare of Stalingrad and Grozny to sober them, have slowed down the direct attack on Baghdad, regrouping and are studying alternate warfare approaches to avoid revisiting some of the darkest chapters in modern military history. The chaotic battles for those cities in the 1940s and 1990s stand as testament to the carnage and military humiliation that characterizes urban combat. Avoiding that trap in Baghdad, where Saddam Hussein and his personal security force of at least 15,000 and loyalists that are expected to fight to the death, is the keystone of a successful war-end-game, both militarily and politically.

Explosions Light Up The Night Sky

US Aircraft and artillery launched a blistering barrage against Baghdad's eastern flank early on Saturday 05 April (Day-17), in what appeared to be a new focus of attack on the Iraqi capital. There were surface-to-air missiles and bombs as well as intense blasts of artillery fire, going off across the whole front in the distance. The ferocious assault on eastern Baghdad came one day after US troops approached from the southwest to seize the city's international airport. After a brief lull in the early hours of Saturday, the bombing resumed with aircraft taking over from the artillery and pummeling the area where army barracks were believed to be. Aircraft also pounded the southeastern outskirts of Baghdad shortly before dawn, with a series of powerful flashes clearly visible from the city center.

Saturday, US Army soldiers Saturday captured the headquarters of the Medina Division, Republican Guard in the town of Suwayrah, about 35 miles southeast of Baghdad. Two tank companies and an infantry company of the 3rd Infantry Division rolled through the headquarters unopposed and quickly took over the entire base. It appeared that the Republican Guard defenses had completely collapsed.

Outside the base on a three-mile stretch of road were hundreds of bunkers and foxholes and dozens of artillery pieces, anti-aircraft guns, tanks, and armored personnel carriers. All of them had been abandoned by Iraqi troops. No troops could be seen. When US troops pulled into Suwaryah, the Republican Guard artillery pieces were sandwiched between civilian homes and business. Hundreds of young men in civilian clothes stood on the side of the road waving as US troops drove by.

On Saturday morning, the Army's V Corps moved into the city from the south. The 1st Marine Expeditionary Force came in from the southeast. The 1st Marine Expeditionary Force engaged the Al Nida Division of the Republican Guard and penetrated the division. On the southern outskirts, Marines had engaged in a close-quarters fighting with pro-Saddam volunteers from Jordan, Egypt, Sudan and elsewhere. They were given a rifle and told to become a martyr. As other Marine units advanced north, Iraqi civilian vehicles fled south, packed with bundles and bearing improvised white flags made from torn-up towels or T-shirts.

3rd ID Task Force Enters Baghdad

On the day after Saddam Hussein apparently reappeared to urge loyalists to resist US forces with "heroic confrontations.", the city of Baghdad awoke to the sounds gunfire and sirens heard in the neighboring areas. Ground troops and tank units of the 2nd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division moved into the heart of the Baghdad, in a "Thunder Run" (reconnaissance of force) operation into sections of the city. The goal of the probes were not intended to seize and hold the city. Instead, they were the first of many limited operations to locate and test Iraqi defenses and to destroy Iraqi armor and anti-aircraft guns or artillery. Another goal was to demonstrate to residents of Baghdad that the American Army is operating in Saddam's capital.

The tanks came up from the south and made a reconnaissance swing through Dawra suburb, some 7 to 8 miles from the city center until they reached a loop in the Tigris, across the river from Baghdad University, where the road swings to the west. Tanks came under small arms fire but did not encounter any heavy fighting. Completing their first mission into Baghdad, the tanks turned south and returned to the security of the International Airport area for the evening. The US.troops will continue moving into Baghdad as and when it chose, however recognizing that the war against Iraqi President Saddam Hussein's forces is far from over.

In the town of Aziziah, 80 km (50 miles) southeast of Baghdad US Marines are digging up a suspected chemical weapons hiding place in the courtyard of an Iraqi girls' school. They were making slow progress through reinforced steel and thick building material.

During an interrogation of the residents, one of the local people grabbed a Marine's gas mask and pointed to this site The Marines said that a man who described himself as an ex-member of the Iraqi special forces said that a group of Iraqi men had knocked down a wall of the school two months ago, hidden something and concreted it over in the course of three nights.

The US 101st Airborne Division launched an air assault to secure the central Iraqi town of Karbala, 100 kilometers (60 miles) south of Baghdad, that had been bypassed by the 3rd Infantry Division in its northern drive. A fleet of Black Hawks, Chinooks and Apache helicopters were involved in transporting more than a battalion size of soldiers into the outskirts of Karbala. The helicopters encountered little resistance and that the infantry troops would secure the outside of the city before moving in. They are on the ground to go through and secure the highways and supply routes, and also they are looking to put down any paramilitary threat in the area.

Later, in an attack that began just before dusk and lasted for nearly two hours, Apaches of the 101st Airborne Division and air force warplanes, including F/A-18s, carried out "a very successful" air attack against troops of the Hammurabi Division, Republican Guard north of the Iraqi city of Karbala, which is 80 kilometers (50 miles) southwest of Baghdad. Iraqi weapons caches, anti-aircraft batteries and "military complexes" were destroyed in the attack. The ease in carrying out the mission indicated that Iraqi army lacks organization and is in disarray.

British Concedes Way To The Camel

On Saturday, in perhaps is a move toward closing out the fiercest battles that have surrounded Basra, leaders of President Saddam Hussein's ruling Baath Party in Iraq's second city Basra fearing public reprisals, want to surrender to British military forces besieging the city. British forces have been besieging the city of 1.5 million almost since the Iraqi war began on 20 March. Instead of an all attack on the city, British forces have adopted a tactic of brief incursions into the city to try to target Saddam loyalists and gunmen.

In the latest engagement, 10 British tanks and armored vehicles entered a shanty town just ahead of their positions on the city's edge, looking for militiamen, and were fired on. In the battle, eight Iraqi fighters were killed in the battle, one of the fiercest here for days, which continued in the area about three miles from the heart of the city.

The United States indicated that it plans to install the first stages of a civil administration to run post-War Iraq in the southern port of Umm Qasr within days. Members of the Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance (ORHA) of the Pentagon are scheduled to start operating in the port as early as Tuesday. In an attempt to do, even before the fighting is over in Iraq, is to move to the areas in Iraq that are relatively peaceful, places like Umm Qasr, and to start moving ORHA into Iraq.

ORHA has become the focus of international controversy. The United States faces criticism for assuming the leading role in immediate post-war Iraq instead of the United Nations because Secretary of State Colin Powell has rebuffed the near unanimous demands from members of the European Union and NATO to put the United Nations in the driving seat. Retired US General Jay Garner is set to make his media debut in Kuwait on Monday as the man whom the United States has named to be temporary postwar civilian administrator of Iraq.

Tactical Air Support As A Prologue

Late Saturday evening, a huge explosion resounded across the central part of the Iraqi capital after low-flying aircraft were heard, shaking buildings including the Palestine Hotel, where foreign journalists are staying. Clouds of black smoke darkened the skies from trenches of oil set alight as a defense, but a steady stream of cars and buses passed through the plaza in front of Baghdad's large, ornate Mosque of the Unknown Soldier. Several rockets were launched from a truck in the central Baghdad district of al-Salhiya, making a roaring noise as they headed south.

The rumblings of explosions could be heard throughout the city, growing ever louder as they shook buildings. Bombing and artillery fire sounded throughout that area, anti aircraft guns and mortars lined the southern entrance to the city, but they were mostly off the road away from the main road, the most likely entry point of American forces. On the northern and northeastern districts of the city, army tanks could be seen at major intersections. Armored personnel carriers with troops on top roamed the streets.

Following the raid, visible evidence of what may be potentially an arming for conflict with an assault force. On the northern and northeastern districts of the city, army tanks could be seen at major intersections. Armored personnel carriers, with troops on top, roamed the streets. Members of Saddam's Fedayeen, a militia led by Saddam's son Odai, appeared in the city center for the first time since the war began. They were easily identified in distinctive black uniforms. Groups of soldiers clad in Republican Guard uniforms, distinctive by their red triangular insignia, patrolled the southern outskirts of Baghdad around the neighborhood of Baladiya.

Air Force and Navy Air controllers went on a 24 hour alert, along with US bombers, attack jets, and unmanned spy planes that were stacked up over Baghdad on Saturday to support ground forces, virtually ringing the capital, in what could become a battle of bloody urban combat. If remnants of battered Republican Guards Divisions and other Iraqi military units that have filtered into Baghdad chose to fight, warplanes are ready to launch a range of precision bombs and rockets day and night in a new operation designed for urban Combat Air Support (CAS).

A F/A-18 Pilot Gives A Thumbs-Up    Urban Combat Air Support Begins

Two large explosions rocked the center of Baghdad early on Sunday, 06 April (Day-18) just after midnight, while the sound of heavy artillery shook the southwest of the Iraqi capital. The artillery fire started up in the direction of the city airport. Allied warplanes began flying missions specifically designed to prepare for any future ground attack on downtown Baghdad. This initial attack was followed up with heavy artillery shelling that rocked central Baghdad shortly before 0100 hours (local).

Again at 0500 hours (local), Coalition forces pummeled Iraqi positions around the southern outskirts of the city with artillery, missiles and bombs. Aircraft flew along both sides of the Tigris River, which winds through the center of Baghdad, acting as "airborne forward air controllers" to direct airstrikes in the event ground forces begin fighting in the center of the city.

US artillery and planes kept up a relentless bombardment as armored columns circled the fringes of the sprawling city of five million people. Bombs and artillery thundered across Baghdad on Sunday as US forces tightened their grip on the capital's outskirts, bringing up more troops and cutting approaches on three sides of the embattled city.

3rd ID Tanks Cross The Euphrates

In the early hours of Sunday, a convoy of 3rd Infantry M1A1 Abrams tanks crossed the Euphrates River as hundreds of armored vehicles push towards the outskirts of Baghdad in response to. assignments to newly defined sectors of operation around Baghdad. The elements of 3rd Infantry Division were divided into three Task Forces. The first was assigned to probe for areas of hostility and secure the southern perimeter of Baghdad; the second, the 2nd Brigade, was assigned to airport security areas, backing up the 101st Airborne Division who held Baghdad's main airport, seized last Friday. The third was assigned to probe sectors located to the west and to the north of the airport.

The balance of the units of the 3rd Infantry Division, that allowed the main body to drive toward the capital by providing blocking to secure the perimeter of the city of Kerbala south of Baghdad, are now closing on Baghdad. The elements of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force were assigned two sectors to probe - the first, the area east of Baghdad, the second, one mile from the northeastern city limits.

Between 2,000 and 3,000 Iraqi fighters were killed in a show-of-force foray into Baghdad by American armored vehicles. The blitz took the 3rd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division from the southern outskirts of the city past Baghdad University and near the banks of the Tigris River, then back to the western outskirts of the city to the airport, which is under US control.

While some Iraqi civilians welcomed the troops, others put up a fight, including engagements with a mixture of forces from the 8th Brigade, Hammurabi Division of the Republican Guards, elements of the Adnan Division and irregular forces. After completing a 70-kilometer (43-mile) push, the army controlled a semi-circle around Baghdad extending from the Tigris in the north to where the river leaves the capital in the south. Both. the 2nd and 3rd Brigades, armored task forces of the 3rd Infantry Division that executed the sweep later returned to the relative safety of American lines at the Baghdad Airport.

Marines Engaged In Heavy Fighting

A column of Marine Corps vehicles, moving on Baghdad from east of the Tigris River south of Baghdad, concentrated on small pockets of resistance and raided Salman Pak, a town that contained a suspected weapons of mass destruction site. In a battle for control of a road bridge over the river Tigris on Sunday on the southeastern outskirts of the Iraqi capital, backed up by artillery, tanks and attack helicopters, the Marines worked slowly over to the other side. The bridge was one of the two main bridges over the Tigris on the southeastern side of Baghdad. However, the bridge was badly damaged during the fighting and it was not immediately clear if it could be repaired in time to enable heavy armor to pour into the adjacent areas of the city.

Another Marine battalion overran and destroyed a Republican Guard Second Corps headquarters and suspected terrorist training camp and a seized one of Saddam's palaces south of the city and anticipated to have the city surrounded by the end of Sunday. Overhead, aircraft flew around the clock, coordinating precision strikes in support of upcoming ground attacks.

In a bid to control all roads to Baghdad, intelligence reports indicated that the sole main road still to be secured on the 18th day of the war was Highway 2, leading north to the oil city of Kirkuk. In their present positions, the 1st Brigade holds the west of Baghdad and the airport along with the 101st Airborne, the 2nd Brigade is securing the south, the 3rd Brigade is holding the northwest and the Marines are in the northeast.

As if to emphasize the point of control, the first US military aircraft, a C-130 Hercules, landed on the western, military side of Baghdad International Airport at 2000 hours (local), shortly after nightfall Sunday. This action demonstrates that the Coalition is now ready to put the captured tarmac to use as an alternate resupply resource dependent, until now, on a tenuous system of highways stretching 350 miles to Kuwait.

At dusk Sunday, long bursts of heavy machine-gun fire and strong explosions rocked Baghdad in what appeared to be a battle near the city center. The shriek of surface-to-surface missiles, the pounding of artillery and bursts of what sounded like heavy machine-gun grew in frequency and intensity in the southern approaches to the city. Just before 2100 hours (local), loud explosions and gunfire were heard downtown close to the Information Ministry and a hotel where many journalists stay. Two hours later, Baghdad was quiet, with occasional light weapons and missile fire. Explosions could be heard in the distance.

Further south in central Iraq, elements of the 101st Airborne Division moved street to street and pushed into the center of the holy Shiite Muslim city of Kerbala on Sunday, after fierce battles with Iraqi paramilitaries threatening US supply lines north to Baghdad. In blistering heat, US tanks rumbled through the dusty streets and armed reconnaissance helicopters passed low over rooftops, identifying sniper positions for artillery units. On the ground, troops took cover in doorways and against walls as they moved across the city center. By the evening, as they mingled with thousands of relaxed and smiling residents, they felt confident enough to say that the city was effectively under their control.

The United States is beginning to build a new Iraqi army even before Saddam Hussein's forces are defeated, deploying some of the nation's exiles and internal dissidents around the country. Over 700 Iraqi "freedom fighters" are now being airlifted to southern Iraq to join coalition troops and form the nucleus of a new national army for that country. More will be deployed to other southern cities, while another group will work with invasion forces in the north. The unit is made up of Iraqi citizens who want to fight for a free Iraq, who will become basically the core of the new Iraqi army once Iraq is free.

Desert Rats Enter Edge Of Basra

Desert Rats, from the 7th Armored Brigade, forces staged their largest military incursion yet into Basra, rumbling into Iraq's second-largest city in the south of Iraq, Sunday with a column of 40 armored personnel carriers. The incursion came a day after coalition aircraft bombed a compound in Basra belonging to one of Saddam Hussein's most notorious cousins - General Ali Hassan al-Majid, known as "Chemical Ali", Commander of the Southern Region. A detailed search of the debris, which lasted until Monday, found and identified his body along with that of his bodyguard.

The convoy of tanks of the 7th Armored Brigade, "Desert Rats", travelling down one of the main highways which leads directly into the north edge of the city, headed into the center of Bosra, were met with "patchy" resistance as they moved in from the south west. Reports, confirmed by Iraqi civilians leaving the city Sunday afternoon, that the column of tanks and armored personnel carriers had reached Baghdad Street running through the center of Basra. A second assault team attack was carried out this afternoon with the Commando Brigade. The British have gained control of selected sectors, but there are several sectors in which they face resistance.

In northern Iraq, Kurdish forces backed by US warplanes drove Iraqi forces further back from Kurdish frontiers. The Kurds moved within 20 miles of Kirkuk, Iraq's second largest oil center, and a similar distance from the oil city of Khaneqin.

US forces in tanks and armored vehicles stormed into the center of Baghdad on Monday, seizing one of Saddam Hussein's palaces and briefly surrounding the Information Ministry in a bold daylight raid aimed at demonstrating the Coalition forces can come and go as they please.

Leading up to the incursion, coalition forces intensified their bombardment of the Iraqi capital in the early morning of Monday, 07 April (Day-19) at 0615 hours (local), when two bombs hit the center of Baghdad and several more struck the eastern suburbs of the Iraqi capital, followed by heavy artillery fire. After sunrise, a long series of blasts rocked Baghdad and dark gray smoke rose on the horizon to the south and southwest. The dawn raids followed a relative lull, of almost 12 hours, in the US led aerial assault on Baghdad. Artillery fire had continued on and off throughout the night. Shortly before dawn, aircraft could be heard over the capital and heavier explosions shook downtown buildings, echoing from the southern outskirts. Under the diversion of the air attacks, the Army columns moved from southeast to northeast to the newest and main presidential palace on the Tigris River.

Bombing Banks Of The Tigris River

Under the cover of tank-killing A10 Warthog planes and pilot-less drones, the 2nd Brigade of the 3rd Infantry Division, with more than 70 tanks and 60 Bradley fighting vehicles, entered the city at 0600 hours (local), moving up the highway 8 and meeting only moderated resistance, mostly assault fire and rocket-propelled grenades from infantry. US troops had to pass through a 400-yard-long minefield to approach the area. There were 200 anti-tank mines spread on the road and US troops pushed them aside and continued down the highway. They took assault fire and rocket propelled grenades. Iraqis defenders fled along the river, some jumping in the water. An ammunition depot across the river was on fire.

F-16 fighter jets flew ahead of the US armored column, bombing any tanks or armored personnel carriers along the way. US troops also fired mortars on key intersections before passing through. Tanks took up positions around key intersections. Attempting to set up a blocking force, Iraqi soldiers took positions at many Tigris bridges while Republican Guards set up defensive positions at key ministries, armed with rocket-propelled grenades.

A US Tank Guards Saddam's Palace

"A" (Attack) Company, 3rd Battalion, 7th Infantry entered President Saddam Hussein's main presidential palace on the west bank of the Tigris River, took control, secured the area, and began searching the grounds and the building. Before the Americans seized the complex, Iraqis shot small arms fire at them from a clock tower overlooking the compound. The tanks quickly destroyed it. Most of the compound was severely damaged from prior raids. divides the city. The ruling Baath Party headquarters nearby was completely destroyed.

The Information Ministry looked deserted except for several men carrying rocket-propelled grenade rifles and half a dozen army troops behind sandbagged fighting positions outside. They flashed the "V" for victory sign. Iraqi forces also took up positions in the University of Baghdad, across the Tigris River from the New Presidential Palace, and fired heavy machine guns. US troops called in mortar fire and air support.

During the armored thrust into the city, US tanks rolled through the city's parade field adjacent to the state-owned Al-Rashid Hotel and surrounded it for a time. It was used by foreign reporters during the 1991 Gulf War Not far from the Al-Rashid Hotel, Iraqi army trucks and at least two artillery cannons looked as though they were abandoned.

A prisoner of war collection point was set up in the palace compound. As Iraqis were captured in street fighting outside, they were brought to the palace for processing before being sent behind lines. At one point, a group of nine Iraqis surrendered after hearing on loudspeakers, that if they did so, they would live.

Fighting intensified afternoon at Iraqi President Saddam Hussein's sprawling Republican Palace, next to which at least three US Bradley fighting vehicles were positioned. Following the firing of buildings on the banks of the Tigris around 1600 hours (local), a group of troops got out of one of their vehicles and entered one of the buildings after setting fire to surrounding bushes.

Meanwhile, Marines closing in on Baghdad from the south were ordered to remove their chemical warfare suits for the first time in 20 days. Presumably, commanders had determined that the threat of a chemical or biological weapons attack had lessened enough to allow troops, stifling in the hot desert, to shed their gear. At the city's southern edge, though, Marines and Army troops faced bloody fighting.

Marines Rescuing A Hit Comrade

The US Marines from the 3rd Battalion, 4th Marine entered Baghdad on Monday after incurring heavy fire on the city's outskirts. at a bridge that crossed the canal on Highway 6, at the south edge of the city. The Iraqis had tried to destroy the bridge by blowing out a span which made the bridge impassable for light vehicles. During the delay, effectively halting any forward progress, two Marines were killed and two wounded when their armored troop carrier took a direct hit from an artillery shell while stalled at the bridge.

Right after the armored vehicle was shelled, Marines grabbed metal debris and threw it across the bridge to cover over the damaged span, allowing the lighter vehicles to cross safely. For the heavy armored vehicles to get across the cannel, their engineers deployed a temporary pontoon bridge. With minimal delay the Marines pressed forward into Baghdad and met little resistance as Iraqi civilians hid in their houses as they passed. Elements of the 7th Marine are now on the western side of the Nahr Diyala River.

Also, a group of US armored personnel carriers in southern Baghdad was hit by rockets. Six American soldiers were reported missing and a large number were wounded.

B-1 Bomber Delivers JDAM Bombs

As special emphasis was being placed on the incursion of elements of the 3rd Division and the Marines into downtown Baghdad, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) received information on a high-level meeting in Baghdad between senior Iraqi intelligence officials and, possibly, Saddam and his two sons, Qusai and Odai.It was classified as a "leadership target of opportunity". Officials quickly called in an Air Force B-1B bomber to strike the location. The strike was executed at 1400 hours (local) in the upscale Mansour neighborhood, a stronghold of Saddam's Baath Party, deploying four Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAMs), each a 2,000 pound, "bunker buster" bomb.

The attack left a crater 60 feet deep and destroyed at least three buildings. There was almost immediate confirmation that the target was hit very hard and with high confidence that they killed everyone at the meeting, but no information as to the status of the leadership targets was given and it might take as much as two days to determine the degree of success. Rescue workers began to look in the rubble for victims. Two bodies were recovered initially, but it was indicated that the toll could go as high as 14.

Later in the afternoon, some 10 hours (1645 hours, local) after the battle began, Iraqi snipers fired on US soldiers from rooms in the state-owned Al-Rashid Hotel after a platoon conducted a patrol in the neighborhood near the palace. US tanks returned fire with their main guns and .50 caliber machine guns.

On previous incursions into Baghdad, the US forces withdrew to the security areas of the Baghdad International Airport. This time there were plans for elements to remain on station. Members of the 2nd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division hunkered down for the night at the sprawling, New Presidential Palace where Saddam once slept.

Across the river from the New Presidential Palace, Iraqis took up positions around the University of Baghdad, firing heavy machine guns across the 400-yard width of the Tigris River. Americans responded with mortar fire and close air support to rout the Iraqis.

Near the village of Albu Muhawish, on the Euphrates river between the central Iraqi cities of Kerbala and Hilla - site of ancient Babylon and about 60 miles south of Baghdad, dozens of US soldiers were evacuated from an Iraqi military compound early Monday after tests by a mobile laboratory showed the apparent presence of sarin, a powerful nerve agent.

The testing was performed after more than a dozen soldiers from the 101st Airborne Division, who guarded the military compound on Saturday night, came down with symptoms consistent with exposure to very low levels of nerve agent, including vomiting, dizziness and skin blotches. The soldiers were decontaminated and hosed down with water and bleach.

Fox Reconnaissance System (NBCRS)

However, tests for chemical agents at the compound were inconsistent. Early tests showed the presence of so-called G-Series nerve agents, which include tabun and sarin and the blister agent lewisite, all of which Iraq has been known to possess. A hand-held scanning device also indicated the soldiers had been exposed to a nerve agent. Other tests, however, came back negative, and so the more precise Army's Fox Mobile Nuclear, Biological and Chemical (NBC) detection laboratory.

Smoke was rising over the southern port city of Basra on Monday, where British and Iraqi forces have been locked in a battle for control since the war began. With resistance on the wane, British troops moved into the "Old City" area of Basra Monday, where remaining paramilitary fighters are believed to have retreated and regrouped.

In the north, on Monday the Kurdish Peshmerga fighters, composed of about 300 Kurdish fighters working with US forces, advanced, from Dohuk, at least five kilometers (2 miles) south toward Mosul, Iraq web's third largest city, capturing the small town of Faida, with little resistance along the way. The area along the main road between Dohuk and Mosul has been heavily bombed since the northern front in the Iraq war began. US Special Forces have been operating alongside Kurdish fighters, calling in US air strikes.

US forces and the Peshmerga have been pushing toward Mosul and the major oil center of Kirkuk, the main prize in the north. Surrendering Iraqi soldiers were defined as "our guests" by the Peshmerga and offered the Iraqis water and biscuits. The troops then moved on another two or three kilometers south of Faida toward Mosul.

A-10 Deploys Flares To Avoid AAA

In the early morning hours of Tuesday, 08 April (Day-20) at 0445 hours (local), US tanks occupying a palace compound of Iraqi President Saddam Hussein in central Baghdad engaged Iraqi forces who launched a bombardment of fired artillery, rocket propelled grenades and mortars. As the US tanks advanced under heavy fire from Iraqi positions outside the compound, A-10 Warthog jets screamed low over the city giving close air support. As dawn broke over Baghdad after a pitch black night. A small fire was also be seen in the compound after the fighting began.

When the sun came up, US A-10 Warthog Tankbuster jets pounded Iraqi anti-aircraft positions close to the city airport on the southwestern edge of Baghdad. During the battle one of the A-10s, conducting a close air-support mission at low altitude in support of ground troops, believed to be the first fixed wing downed by an Iraqi surface-to-air missile since the war began. The pilot, after being able to safely eject, was rescued by pararescuemen with the 301st Rescue Squadron and brought safely back to the coalition controlled area.

Elements of the 2nd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division in Baghdad indicated no plans to pull back. They now control most of the west bank of the Tigris, which divides the city, and they plan to join up with US forces at the airport, further west.

US Marines entered the capital from the south and southeast early Tuesday, sending a contingent to guard a nuclear plant protected by large berms.The 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines seized a prison overnight where they found US Army uniforms and chemical weapons suits, possibly from captured US soldiers. Other Marine units worked to secure the southeastern part of the city came under sporadic fire.

Elements of the 1st Marine Division rolled tracked armored vehicles up to the runway at the Rashid military airfield some three miles east on the outskirts of Baghdad and captured it. Although the airfield itself was seized with little problem as it had been apparently abandoned by retreating Iraqi forces. There was some resistance on the road leading to the airstrip and there was some fighting going on beyond it,

Abrams Tank And Humvee Advance

US Marines completed their final advance into Baghdad on Tuesday, hours after being caught up in a traffic jam as thousands of armored vehicles and Humvees poured into the capital for a showdown with Saddam Hussein's troops. Along eastern routes into the city, convoys of amphibious assault vehicles, Abrams tanks, and armored personnel carriers had been stuck in logjams in the outer suburbs and on canal bridges. A 20 meter strip of the 200 meter long bridge was covered by a makeshift steel bridge allowing the marines to cross. A small suburb at the side of the bridge had been completely destroyed by a fire fight and along the river, marines could be seen crossing at makeshift pontoons and bridges dotted along its banks.

Conditions were hot and dusty but the marines were welcomed along the way by civilians who appeared to be happy and waving at them as they threw them candy and army rations. Many of the vehicles in the convoy bore personalized markings including: "Spring break in Iraq 2003", "Baghdad or Bust", "Peace Keeper", a gun turret dubbed "The Hole in One" and a play on a television show title, "Survivor Iraq".

The unanticipated rush hour had played havoc with access to, and the evacuation of, casualties wounded in overnight fighting. The massive amount of troops attempting to cross the bridges is slowing everything down.

A US Marine With Iraqi Children

More than 100 children held in a prison celebrated their freedom as 5th Regiment US Marines rolled into northeast Baghdad amid chaotic scenes which saw civilians loot weapons from an army compound. Around 150 children spilled out of the jail after the gates were opened as a US military Humvee vehicle. Parents running up were happy to have their kids back. The children had been imprisoned because they had not joined the youth branch of the Baath party. Some of them had been in there for five years. The children walked on the streets and gave "the thumbs up" sign and shouting their thanks.

In the north side of Baghdad. US and coalition military forces were beginning to apply pressure to close off any exits and had met no organized resistance. US Special Forces of Iraq were preventing Iraqi troops moving toward Tikrit, Saddam's powerbase and birthplace. The intense resistance in downtown against the 3rd Infantry Division has calmed somewhat in the afternoon, but there is still some opposition in the area and they are taking indirect fire from mortars.

In the darkness on the evening, a unit of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force forces extended their grasp, moving into the sprawling, poor suburb of Saddam City in the northeast, home to at least two million people. There was not a single shot fired as they took the area methodically, block by block. They got a largely warm reception, with cheering and clapping, as they swept through eastern suburbs. It was one of Baghdad's calmest nights in three weeks of war and the streets remained largely quiet.

On Tuesday, in the southern city of Basra, British forces began establishing the first post-war administration in Iraq, putting a local sheik into power shortly after their troops took control of the city. The sheik, not identified at this time, had met British divisional commanders Monday and been given the task of setting up an administrative committee representing other groups in the region. The sheik and his committee will be the first civilian leadership established in liberated Iraq. The sheik's committee will be left alone by the British to form a local authority. This approach to local control by the British has the approval of Jay Garner, the retired US General heading ORHA, who was appointed by the Pentagon to form an interim post-war administration for Iraq,

Jail of Secret Police Disclosed

Following the securing of Basra, Iraq's second-largest city, journalists toured the charred building, identified as the local secret police jail of Saddam Hussein. Iraqis told journalists that people who were taken behind the jail's sandstone facade usually did not come out. For decades, Saddam Hussein's secret police tortured inmates at the jail with beatings, mutilations, electric shocks and chemical baths. Hundreds of curious Iraqis came to see the now-empty jail. Relatives of missing inmates checked fingerprint files and lists of names found amid the fallen bricks. The jail was charred and half-demolished during the two days of bombing by British forces fighting for control of Basra.

After one of the quietest nights since the US led war to topple Iraqi President Saddam Hussein began on March 20, sporadic gunfire and tank fire resounded across central Baghdad. Early on Wednesday, 09 April (Day-21), shortly before 0800 hours (local), US aircraft could be seen and heard overhead. Iraqis fired a rocket-propelled grenade across the Tigris river toward 2nd Brigade US tanks located on the western bank.

US Army and Marine units swept through Baghdad, as they encountered sniper fire from roving bands of holdout fighters, destroying buildings that once housed some of Saddam's most feared security forces. Marine tanks rolled into the heart of the city, on the east bank of the Tigris, greeted by people clapping and waving white flags.

Bit by bit on Wednesday, President Saddam Hussein's fighters appeared to be losing their hold on the city, with much of the rest of Iraq already out of their control. There were no signs of Iraqi police or uniformed men on the main streets. Information Ministry officials who have shadowed reporters through the conflict were nowhere to be seen.

Suddam's Regime Symbolic Downfall

As the Wednesday evening shadows fell on the middle of Firdos Square, in one of the most visible symbolic gestures of Saddam's evaporation of power, the 40-foot statue of the Iraqi President was pulled over by a Marine M-88 armored recovery vehicle at 1850 hours (local). Cheering Iraqis, some waving the national flag, scaled the statue and danced upon the downed icon, now lying face down. As it fell, some threw shoes and slippers at the statue - a gross insult in the Arab world.

While the rest of Baghdad celebrated, US Special Forces scoured the site of a building, in a residential section of Baghdad, leveled by the massive bombing of Monday evening, searching for evidence that Saddam Hussein may have been inside the building at the time the strike of four, JDAM, two ton bombs were delivered.

But the jubilation was tempered by the fact that Members of the 3rd Infantry Division were still conducting armored raids within the city and that elements of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force and holdout Iraqis were engaged in heavy fighting in the northeast part of the capital.

As another reminder that the war is not yet over, several 21,000-pound MOAB bombs often-referred to "Mother of All Bombs", or more formally the "Massive Ordnance Air Blast" munition, has been moved into the Iraqi theater, and is ready for use. No specific targets have been designated for its use or point in time, however the MOAB is the largest conventional weapon in the US arsenal. The bomb is being kept on hand as a contingency weapon.

As resistance in Baghdad crumbled, US forces began to target resident Saddam Hussein's desert hometown of Tikrit, an area with bristling with loyalists who could be bent on making it the site of the regime's last stand. The city now hosts a huge army garrison for the Republican Guard, Iraq's best-trained troops, as well as an air base and a air force academy. US Special Forces have been watching the roads leading north out of Baghdad to Tikrit to prevent possible attempts by Saddam to flee or any effort by the Republican Guards to regroup there.

Kurds Celebrate Regime Downfall

Kurds celebrated that the Iraqi regime no longer has control over Baghdad as they took to streets. A carnival atmosphere hit the streets of the northern Iraqi town of Sulaymaniya as tens of thousands of Kurds danced and sang at the news that US tanks controlled the center of Baghdad. The joyous crowd hailed a dozen members of the US Special Forces operating in the area, who had hitherto kept a low profile and have maintained a discreet presence in the region since being parachuted in a week ago to engage in operations aimed at the oil-rich city of Kirkuk. On Wednesday emerged from their makeshift headquarters to join in the impromptu celebrations.

At the same time, hundreds of Kurdish peshmergas (fighters) were amassing in the town of Chamchamal, some 22 miles east of Kirkuk, waiting for additional reinforcements. Late on Wednesday, as they were assessing ways to penetrate the key northern oil hub towns of Kirkuk and Mosul, they heard the news about the collapse of Saddam Hussein's government in Baghdad. However, local "peshmerga" fighters had no immediate plans to launch an assault, although the lightly-armed forces were clearly keen to move.

In both Tikrit and the northern city of Mosul, special operations forces and airstrikes were "actively engaging" Iraqi fighters. US Special Forces and Kurdish fighters seized a strategic hilltop near Mosul and eliminating the Iraqi air defense installation near the government held city of Mosul. thus far, the most strategic gain in the region.

Early on Thursday, 10 April (Day-22) at midnight and continuing through 0130 hours (local), US warplanes could be heard flying over the northern Iraqi oil-rich city of Kirkuk along with the distant thud of explosions. Kurdish "Peshmerga" fighters, supported by US Special Forces who have been near Kirkuk helping jet fighters and heavy bombers target Iraqi positions in and around the city for several weeks, are moving from Chamchamal toward Kirkuk and are believed to be less than six miles from the city, which is still held by Iraqi government forces.

Moving on, Kurdish and US Special Forces pushing towards Kirkuk and seized the towns of Makhmur and Altun Kubri, about 20 kilometers (12 miles) northeast of Kirkuk and pushed on to Dibis, on a road running along the western edge of the Kirkuk oil fields. At Dibis, they moved into town without a fight. The oil facilities were completely intact around town. The flames that burn atop the wells were still blazing, indicating that shafts were still pumping in Iraq's number 2 oil region.

Securing the all of the Iraqi oil fields was a high a priority for US forces as they entered the war zones of Iraq. Kirkuk is the center of oil production in northern Iraq. As Kurdish and US Special Forces entered the northern city of Kirkuk, the nearby town of Dibis, oil facilities were intact and a preliminary assessment indicated that they were functioning normally and there was not visible acts of attempting to set them afire.

Kurdish Women Fighters Celebrate

Later in the day, they moved on north east and secured the key northern Iraqi oil city of Kirkuk without a fight after Iraqi soldiers loyal to Saddam Hussein laid down their weapons or fled south toward Tikrit. In recounted scenes of jubilation on the streets of the city center, they were welcomed by Iraqis who contemptuously attacked symbols of their former leader's power.

In the northern desert hometown of Saddam Hussein Tikrit, a city of 260,000 100 miles north of Baghdad, die-hard Iraqi loyalists are hunkered down under withering US airstrikes and digging in for a potential last stand. The dusty town of Tikrit, has an air base and an air force academy in addition to a Republican Guard garrison, has been branded a regime stronghold by the US military. Its sprawling presidential complexes and the tunnels beneath them could serve as Saddam's final hideout. And the city's blood-bonded tribesmen could carry on fighting even if their leader is dead.

US Special Forces and Kurdish militia, known as peshmerga, have been advancing on Mosul and other northern Iraqi cities for several days, although there has been ten days of heavy aerial bombardment, progress had been patchy.

Identifying Mosul Strike Targets

US Abrams tanks from the 1st Battalion, 63rd Armor Regiment, 3rd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division that was flown in from Germany, rolled toward Iraq's third city of Mosul on Thursday, making their debut on the northern front of the war to topple Saddam Hussein. Further down the road to Mosul, on a lower slope of Maqloub's peak, two US Special Forces soldiers surveying a ridge lying between the peak and Mosul, were identifying and calling in targets.

The tanks headed down the most direct road to Arbil, around 40 miles from Mosul. But further down the road, at the village of Khazer, around 15 miles from Mosul, two bridges which cross a river had been blown up by retreating Iraqi forces. The two structures, an older, metal bridge and a modern concrete one, were still standing, but both were impassable. The metal bridge had big holes blasted in the roadway and the concrete one was missing a large section at one end.

Apache Takesoff Behind Airliner

At the southern outskirts of Baghdad, the US army's 101st Airborne Division arrived and is preparing to join the battles around and north of the capital. Infantry troops, backed by scout Kiowa Warrior and Apache attack helicopters, from the 101st had seized control of the Iskandariyah airfield, located 30 kilometers (18 miles) south of the capital, early this week.This action allowed the 101st's Aviation Brigade to move north from a base in central Iraq.

In central Baghdad, the Marine 5th Regiment, 1st Expeditionary forces, came under heavy fire at 0200 hours (local) from Saddam Hussein's loyalist fighters hiding in buildings, in cars, on rooftops and beneath bridges along the northern banks of the Tigris river. In a fierce, seven hour battle they captured one of Saddam's main palace complexes, on the northern side of the Tigris River, with one marine reported killed in action and as many as 20 wounded.

US combat helicopters came to the aid of soldiers on the ground battling Iraqi and Arab fighters in a district of central Baghdad.The firefights pitted US troops against Fedayeen paramilitary units and Arab volunteer fighters hiding behind sandbag reinforcements on street corners in Al-Otayfia. Five Apache helicopters hovered for over an hour over Al-Kadhimia and Al-Otayfia neighborhoods, on the west bank of the Tigris as well as Al-Aadhamia on the opposite side of the Tigris river. On the main Aden Square in Al-Kadhimia, two Iraqi tanks and three other military vehicles were destroyed.

Smoke Billows From Buildings

With elements of war raging around them, it was necessary for US troops to remain focused on its priority of fighting pockets of resistance instead of reorganizing to maintain a state of law and order. Across the city. Marines reported Iraqi holdouts were setting fire to their own quarters and blaming the Americans. In at least one case, however there were cases where looters were seen setting fire to some buildings in the Interior Ministry complex.

US troops maintained control and occupied the Oil Ministry. However, the nine-story Ministry of Transport building was gutted by fire, as was the Iraqi Olympic headquarters, while the Ministry of Education was partially burned. Near the Interior Ministry, the office building of Saddam Hussein's son, Odai, stood damaged, its upper floors blackened.

In the eastern sections of Iraq, US forces gained control of the town of Qaim, on Iraq's border with Syria, to ensure Iraqi forces cannot fire ballistic missiles from the area. Iraqi Special Republican Guard units, paramilitary forces and some regular army units were still fighting in the area, but had been weakened by air strikes and attacks by special forces. They had fired missiles at Kuwait and it was necessary to provide "preventive medicine" to ensure the security of Saudi Arabia, Jordan and "other countries.

Oil Well Fire Rumaila Near Basra

A helicopter from 3rd Regiment, 16 Air Assault Brigade, flies over Rumaila South oil fields west of Basra in southern Iraq tracking progress on clearing the well fires. Halliburton subcontractors, on the war the day of the invasion into Iraq, and Kuwaiti firefighters are preparing to attack the one remaining fire, of seven, set at a sabotaged well head there. Retreating Iraqis blew up about a dozen well heads in Rumeila South, though not all caught on fire. US and British forces have now secured 900 out of 1,000 wells in oil fields in southern Iraq.

On Friday, 11 April (Day-23), Barahm Salah, who is the "prime minister" of the autonomous zone of northern Iraq administered by the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), indicated, in an agreement with the US Government, that US troop reinforcements were on their way and approaching Kirkuk to secure the northern Iraqi city that was seized by AFP Kurdis fighters.

Salah also indicated that the Kurdish fighters who captured the city Thursday along with US special forces would withdraw "as quickly as possible, but not before a sufficient number of American troops have arrived."

US Special Forces Patrol Kirkuk

This action was required because, earlier on Thursday the taking control of the main city in northern Iraq, Kirkuk, by US Special Forces and Kurdish, sparked political concerns in neighboring Turkey who has repeatedly threatened to intervene militarily in northern Iraq if Kurdish forces seized Kirkuk or Mosul, which control some of Iraq's largest oil fields. There were 10,000 peshmergas, or Kurdish irregular forces, in the oil-rich and historically Kurdish city, which they took without a fight, following by a popular uprising following the departure of troops loyal to Saddam.

In an operation aimed at taking control of Iraq's largest and oldest field soldiers from the 173d Airborne Brigade US soldiers spread out across the northern Iraqi oil fields of Kirkuk to install spirals of concertina wire barriers across roads leading to the Baba Gargur oil facilities, one of several in the vast Kirkuk oil field. The soldiers were blocking access to the site after the collapse of Saddam Hussein's government in the nearby city of Kirkuk. Little damage was visible in the field except a plume of smoke from a distant fire, likely to have been caused by a single burning oil well. The one burning well may be the same one that was set on fire by accident over six weeks ago before the invasion of Iraq. The capture of Kirkuk, capable of pumping 900,000 barrels per day (BPD), left the US and coalition forces in virtual control of all of Iraq's prized oil wealth.

Mosul Government Headquarters    Iraqi 5th Army Corps Leave Mosul

Earlier on Thursday afternoon, the strike force of US Special Forces, 63rd Armor Regiment and Kurdish militia had continued their closing maneuvers and surrounded the roads leading to Iraq's largest northern city of Mosul. and presented the defenders with surrender terms. On Friday morning, the defending Iraqi 5th Army Corps forces, after observing signs of the overpowering force massed outside the city, agreed to the surrender terms that the members of the 5th Corps to leave their equipment on the battlefield and either returning to the garrison or simply proceeding with their lives as civilians out of uniform. Upon entering the city, residents welcomed the forces waving flags of the Kurdish Democratic Party, heralding the total collapse of support for Saddam Hussein in the north.

The fall of Mosul and Kirkuk in the north left Saddam's home town of Tikrit, on the main road from Mosul, 175 km (110 miles) north of Baghdad, as the one significant target left to the US - led coalition forces

As part of "a continuing effort to degrade the Hussein regime", a predawn strike on Friday Coalition aircraft launched six satellite guided bombs at a building near Ar Ramadi, about 60 miles west of Baghdad, in an attack on Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti, Saddam Hussein's half brother. The building targeted on was an intelligence service operating site.

Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti, was chief of Saddam's secret police in the 1980s and then ambassador of Iraq to UN offices in Geneva for nine years. While in Geneva, he set up the Iraqi President's financial network and the organization that helped stash billions of dollars abroad for the Iraqi leader.

US intelligence has no clear information on Saddam Hussein's whereabouts, but defense and intelligence officials indicate that the Iraqi dictator may lay dead under a pile of rubble in Baghdad. What is left of the Iraqi regime's top leadership is believed to be in Tikrit, 100 miles north of Baghdad, the town that could be the next, and possibly the last, battleground of the war.

Deck Of Cards

The United States will soon deliver a deck of playing cards to its troops which identifies each of the key members of the deposed President Saddam Hussein regime and his inner circle. Each of the 55 cards depicts an individual character of the regime that the United States wants pursued, killed or captured. The deck of cards serves two purposes, one; to give a tangible statement that the United States seriously intends to pursue each of the individuals and two; gives a visual reference of the faces of the individuals to the soldiers and especially to the Iraqi citizens who may be most familiar with each of the players so that they may assist in turning them in or help in the identification for arrest.

In his broadcast reports, General Tommy Franks, commander of US Central Command described the Iraqi leadership as either "dead or running like hell". He also indicated that American forces would remain in Iraq until a free government is in place. "The Saddam regime has ended, and we will stay until there is a free government", In an order to the unit field commanders, Franks also said "We are going to respect their culture and their religion".

The order also listed new rules of behavior for American forces in Baghdad now that the Iraqi capital is under US control. Under the rules, troops are forbidden to use deadly force to prevent looting. They should allow government workers to go to their jobs. Hospitals, businesses and mosques should remain open. Schools should reopen and record attendance. Police, fire and emergency workers should continue to report to their jobs unless told otherwise. The Iraqi public must also not engage in any terrorist acts or display weapons publicly and should halt looting.

The Sun Setting Behind Baghdad

The sun setting behind the bellowing smoke, rising to the sky, from the burning oil trenches that surrounds Baghdad may be symbolic of the wind down of the fighting effort for the US coalition forces. Although victory has not been declared. the US coalition forces are beginning to transform a portion of their resources to the establishment of supporting civic actions, law and order baselines that will lead to a self governing, democratic Iraq.

To the west, US Special Forces face tough resistance in maintaining roadblocks around Qaim, the main town on the Syrian border crossing route, to prevent regime members from fleeing Iraq. It is expected that fierce fighting around an industrial complex will end within the next day or two because of intelligence reports that the leaders want to surrender. The unexpected stiff defense has raised speculation that the town may be site for Weapons of Mass Destruction. The majority of the Iraqi surface-to-surface missiles launched in the 1991 Gulf War were launched from the area around Qaim.

While the swamp was being drained in Iraq, the war on terror took a step backward in Yemeni, as 10 of the main suspects in the, 12 October 2000, bombing of the USS Cole, blamed on Usama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network, escaped from prison Friday. The fugitives, including chief suspect Jamal al-Badawi, had been jailed in the tightly guarded intelligence building in the port city of Aden since shortly after the destroyer was bombed, killing 17 American sailors. The men were able to flee through a window they smashed inside the building.

After the peaceful hand over of the other northern cities, the hometown of Saddam Hussein, Tikrit is the next, and last, center of organized resistance in northern Iraq. The city was the Iraqi President's power base during his rule and was the source of many members of his inner circle. However, the Republican Guards and other Iraqi troops regrouping in Tikrit have been battered by US airstrikes and does not present an effective fighting force and the possibility that Tikrit, long touted as the logical site for a last stand by Saddam's loyalists, may fall without much of a fight.

A VIP Facility Outside Tikrit, Iraq

Saturday, 12 April (Day-24), began as US bombers pounded positions of Saddam loyalists in many areas around Tikrit, 180 km (110 miles) north of Baghdad, preparing the way for an eventual ground assault on the town. Although reports indicate that US coalition forces does not have Special Forces operation within Tikrit, they were able fly a Predator drone aircraft for more than 12 straight hours over Tikrit, providing "very valuable" real time information on what forces are doing there.

Adding a fresh warring team to the existing forces in Iraq, lead elements of the US 4th Infantry Division moved into Iraq from Kuwait. The 1st Brigade, 3,000 strong with a battalion of 18 Paladin howitzers, two armored battalions with 44 Abrams tanks each and two infantry battalions, was the first unit of the division to move north across the border. All indications of their destination will be northern Iraq, including Tikrit where senior supporters of Saddam are preparing a last stand. The town of Bayji, a town about 25 miles to the north, with garrisons of an estimated few thousand Special Republican Guard troops, will also be targeted.

Concertina Barbed Wire Checkpoint

In Baghdad, US forces crossed a bridge over the Tigris river into the once top security district containing the Information and Foreign ministries on the west bank and took control of the stronghold in the Mansur district near the sprawling Zawra gardens. There had been considerable resistance from remnants of paramilitary forces and foreign volunteers from across the Arab world in the past three days. The area seized was the last known stronghold in central Baghdad of foreign fighters loyal to Saddam Hussein.

American troops remained focused on erasing military threats instead of attempting to curb lawlessness. Searching for weapons, and for holdout bands of pro-Saddam fighters, has been the primary task of many of the American troops in Baghdad. At a nearby junior high school, seven classrooms were filled with hundreds of crates of grenade launchers, surface-to-air missiles and ammunition. Residents said Iraqi soldiers and militiamen had positioned weaponry throughout the neighborhood before US forces moved in.

However, the US and coalition forces indicate that the restoration of law and order will become a higher priority as the State Department dispatched 26 police and judicial officers to Iraq, the first component of a team that will eventually number about 1,200. The officers will be part of a group led by Jay Garner, the retired US General heading ORHA, chosen by the Bush administration to run the initial Iraqi civil administration under American occupation.

Seven Iraqi police officers turned up in response to a US appeal to help restore order and services. They converged on the Palestine Hotel where US officers and journalists are housed after foreign radio stations broadcast a call for qualified people to come forward. The policemen were led by Colonel Ahmad Abdulrazzak Said, who wore his olive green uniform. The six other officers were in civilian dress. The colonel, mustering as much dignity as he -could, indicated that he had come with colleagues to help end the looting which has plagued Baghdad since US forces took control of the capital starting on last Wednesday.

In addition, around 150 civil servants and professionals also showed up, indicating they wanted to help the Americans form an administration and end the chaos. The volunteers were registered at a newly-installed "civil and military operations center" in the hotel's ground floor conference room.

US Marine forces came under heavy automatic fire from six bunkers on the west river bank of the Tigris river in central Baghdad on Saturday evening. In the ensuing firefight, the Marines killed as many as 15 to 20 of the "enemy." In a separate action, one US Marine, guarding a hospital near the Palestine Hotel, was approached by two men posing as hospital landscape workers, one of whom opened fire and killed him. Marines close by shot and killed the man who was found to have a Syrian identification. The 2nd attacker fled.

A contingent force of the Marine 1st Expeditionary Force of "significant-size" headed north from Baghdad on Saturday to search out and attack Iraqi military positions that may be an outer perimeter defense of Saddam Hussein's hometown of Tikrit, one of the last bastions of his collapsing regime.

Amir Hasan

Saddam Hussein's weapons and science adviser, Lieutenant General Amir Hamudi Hasan al-Sadi, surrendered to US military authorities Saturday, insisting that Iraq had no Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and the US led invasion was unjustified. Lieutenant General Amer Hamudi al-Sadi, British educated, appears as the Seven of Diamonds in the set of playing cards issued by the US military authorities to help capture the most wanted leaders of Saddam's former regime and is No. 32 on the revised list of the 55. Saturday's surrender was the 1st fugitive of the most wanted list to be placed in US custody.

Hasan arranged for his surrender, leaving his Baghdad villa with his German wife, Helga, and presenting himself to an American warrant officer, who escorted him away. Hasan indicated that he had no information on what happened to Saddam and repeated his assertion, made often in news conferences that Iraq was free of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD).

In Basra, documents and captives seized by British troops reveal that Saddam Hussein had imported hundreds of well-trained Islamic guerrillas, from Muslim countries including Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Yemen, before the war to spearhead his fight against American and British forces. Many posed as students, enlisting at the university's school of Koranic studies or in its language school. Airline ticket stubs and other paperwork show there was a rush of new recruits in early March, and that they were still arriving in Iraq 10 days before the war began. They came to wage jihad against the Western military, and provided some of the fiercest resistance as the coalition advanced northwards. Survivors are still mounting occasional attacks in Baghdad and other cities.

173rd Airborne Brigade On Guard

Waving in friendship, but still wearing full combat gear, US soldiers from the 173rd Airborne Brigade, carrying weapons, streamed into the heart of Iraq's third-largest city of Mosul, to help take control after President Saddam Hussein's forces disappeared without a fight. Convoys of Humvees and pickups mounted with heavy machines guns rolled through the main boulevards and took up positions at busy intersections. Thousands of people waved and applauded as they passed.

The high-profile presence of the American troops and more allied Kurdish fighters in Mosul appeared to bring some measure of calm, but sporadic gunfire and arson blazes continued. The wild plunder of last Friday, however, left deep scars, including some people in tears over the ransacking of clinics and the city's esteemed university by rouge bands.

By nightfall, as day-24 of the war came to a close, US, British and Australian forces, with the help of Kurdish fighters, controlled all major cities and instituted control measures to minimize the rioting of the residents which were being put in place, except President Saddam Hussein's northern hometown of Tikrit, which will be tested soon.

Smoke Billows From A Bombardment

A Task Force of the Marine 1st Expeditionary Force, which included regimental combat teams and light-armor reconnaissance battalions, advanced northward along Highway 1 and closed in on Tikrit, the hometown of Saddam Hussein and last major bastion of his loyalists.

On Palm Sunday, 13 April (Day-25), following a continuous series of bombings, US Marines entered Saddam Hussein's hometown and power base Sunday and clashed with some final vestiges of Iraqi resistance, backed by Cobra attack helicopters and F-18 aircraft and artillery assaults aimed at overwhelming any plans for a furious last stand. US forces suspected about 2,500 die-hards of the Republican Guard and the paramilitary Fedayeen, and possibly officials from Saddam's regime, were holed up in Tikrit. As the Iraqi infantry came out of their holes to fight the Marines in their light armored vehicles, about 15 Iraqis died in that exchange - no Americans were lost in the engagement. As they got closer to the city, they were approached by fifteen tribal leaders, identified as being from Tikrit. They asked for an end to the US bombardment so a peaceful surrender of pro-Saddam militia there to could be negotiated with the defenders.

277th POWs Escorted by Marine

As the Marines were closing on Tikrit and nearing Samarra, 58 kilometers (35 miles) south of Kikrit, they were contacted by an Iraqi citizen that they would shortly "come in contact with a number of Americans". Soon afterwards they were taken to a house were they found the seven missing US POW soldiers. They appeared to be unharmed and in a healthy condition and were immediately transported to an airfield about 50 miles south of Baghdad in ambulances where all ran or walked, although two of them had gunshot wounds, to a C-130 transport plane to take them to Kuwait. Two walked with a limp and one of those was a woman, One of the seven raised his hand in victory, and the woman was carrying her own equipment. Marines nearby applauded as they passed by them.

The Defense Department will not release the names of those rescued until their families have been notified, but two were identified in a press pool photograph caption as the two Apache helicopter pilots from the 1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division, Chief Warrant Officer David S. Williams, 30, of Orlando, FL and Chief Warrant Officer Ronald D. Young Jr., 26, of Lithia Springs, GA, who had made an emergency landing due to a mechanical failure and were captured 24 March during heavy fighting with the 2nd Armored Brigade, Medina Division, Iraqi Republican Guard.

POWs 507th Ordnance Maintenance

The Department of Defense has confirmed the identities of the five other American prisoners of war released in a location north of Samarra and south of Tikrit, as Army soldiers from the 507th Ordnance Maintenance Company, Ft. Bliss, TX, who had been shown on Iraqi television after their convoy was ambushed 23 March. They are Specialist. Edgar Hernandez, of Mission, TX, Specialist.Joseph Hudson of Almagordo, NM, Specialist Shoshana Johnson of Ft. Bliss, TX, Private First Class. Patrick Miller of Park City, KS, and Sergeant James Riley of Pennsauken, NJ. They were flown to a military airport in Kuwait, where all immediately were given medical examinations before a mission debriefing. Marines who flew them to safety said three had gunshot wounds: Hernandez, in an elbow, Hudson, twice in the ribs and once in the buttocks and Johnson, in both feet.

Watban Hasan

Further north, coalition forces captured the half brother of Saddam Hussein in northern Iraq. near Mosul, as he apparently tried to flee across the border to Syria. Watban Ibrahim Hasan al-Tikriti, who had in the past served as an adviser, had fallen out of favor with Saddam in 1995 and was dismissed as Iraq's interior minister, head of the regime's secret police and other domestic security agencies. Saddam viewed Hassan as a threat and kept a close watch on him.

Hasan's main value to the coalition is that he may, through his previous ties, may know where Saddam's vast fortunes are hidden. He appears as the Five of Spades in the set of playing cards issued by the US military authorities to help capture the most wanted leaders of Saddam's former regime and is No. 37 on the revised list of the 55. Sunday's capture was the 2nd fugitive of the most wanted list to be placed in US custody.

Further west, the first US armor rumbled into central Kirkuk on Sunday as the military increased its presence in the strategic oil hub of northern Iraq, to reassure Turkey it would not be run by local Kurds. Life had already began to return to normal in many quarters, with shops opening and traffic flowing. Tankers distributed water while electricians worked to repair power and telephone cables damaged by US bombing and the looting that ensued.

In southern Iraq, Kuwaiti firefighters put out the last oil well fire at al-Rumeila field on Sunday. A US team from Halliburton and their subcontractor, Boots & Coots International Well Control Inc., who were brought in by the American government, put out two well fires in al-Rumeila. Fires at seven other wells, sabotaged by Iraqis at the outset of the current war, burned themselves out. In all coalition forces have secured all 1,000 wells in the oil fields of southern Iraq.

USS Kitty Hawk and Constellation

As the bombing missions in Iraq slackens, the Navy will be ready to reduce the number of carriers on duty and give the sailors and air crews time to recuperate.The USS Kitty Hawk, which has operated in the Persian Gulf since February, is scheduled to be the first to return to its home port of Yokosuka, Japan. The USS Constellation, also in the Gulf and on its final active deployment, probably will leave next.

Now that the major ground battles are over and the focus is shifting to stabilizing the country, the US military is beginning to reduce battlefield capabilities the Iraq and middle east war zones. The Air Force already has sent four B-2 stealth bombers back home to Whiteman Air Force Base, MO. They had been flying missions over Iraq from the Indian Ocean island of Diego Garcia and from Fairford air base in Britain. The air campaign is far from over, but its focus has shifted away from heavy bombing toward protective air cover for ground troops as surveillance and reconnaissance missions by U-2 spy planes, unmanned Predator drones and other aircraft are continuing at a high pace.

Two F/A-18s Fly Close Air Support

After skirmishes with pockets of resistance and several forays in and out of the city, drawing occasional small-arms fire and rocket-propelled grenades yesterday, a hard core of approximately 3,000 Marine troops, backed by close air support aircraft and helicopters, made their final thrust into Saddam Hussein's hometown early in the morning of Monday, 14 April (Day-26). in a bid to crush the last major stronghold of Iraqi resistance. The morning combat came after a night of heavy bombing. Following preliminary contacts in which Cobra helicopters destroyed six fully loaded but unmanned anti-aircraft guns on the city outskirts, 3,000 Marine troops in light armored vehicles began moving into Tikrit. They engaged and battled pockets of hard-core defenders in a bid to crush the last major stronghold of Iraqi resistance

In anticipation of meeting an estimated 2,500 die-hards of the Republican Guard and the paramilitary Fedayeen, and possibly officials from the Iraqi president's regime that were holed up in the city, the invading US forces had created checkpoints to prevent possible regime leaders from escaping. to the south and west of the city. The fighting on the ground was fierce, however the assaults did not encounter the intense battle that once seemed likely.inasmuch as there was "no organized resistance" in Tikrit.

The presidential palace was seized without a fight, the military said, and a large number of heavily armed troops were visible in the central Tikrit in the afternoon. Tanks and Humvees rumbled through, and a line of armored vehicles was parked in front of a bazaar. Currently, there is no information on casualties but that US forces had defeated the Iraqis in every engagement in Tikrit.

Marines Guard The Tikrit Palace

While Marine patrols combed a bombed-out presidential palace in search of senior supporters of the ousted government, Attack helicopters swooped low over one district, firing heavy machine guns to blast out lingering clusters of do-or-die defenders. The fall of Tikrit, 110 miles north of Baghdad, brought their 26-day military campaign to a "transition and stabilization point." The whereabouts of Saddam, who was born in a village near Tikrit in 1937, remains unknown.

The securing of Tikrit represents the last major site targeted by the military in its conquest of Iraq. However they do admit that there are small areas of the Iraqi country that need to be visited and visible presence of control must be established. Several pockets of foreign fighters and Iraqi paramilitary do exist and these will be a focus of attention along with the restoration of a presence of law and order in the major cities over the next few days.

Mohammed Abbas

As a side benefit of the Iraqi war, Palestinian guerrilla leader Mohammed Abu Abbas, who master minded the hijacking of an Italian cruise ship in 1985, was captured by US Special Forces during a raid Monday night in the outskirts of Baghdad and is now in custody. Abbas had tried to flee to Syria, but was turned away at the border and was captured about 50 miles west of Baghdad. Known as Mohammed Abbas, he is the leader of the Palestine Liberation Front, which hijacked the Achille Lauro in the eastern Mediterranean, resulting in the death of a disabled elderly American citizen, Leon Klinghoffer.

Mohamme Abu Abbas had been previously convicted and sentenced in Italy to five life terms in prison, and is wanted in the United States in connection with the cruise ship hijacking. He has spent most of the past 17 years in Iraq, beyond the reach of US and Italian officials. There were earlier reports, in January, that Abbas was in Egypt to take part in talks to end Palestinian attacks on civilians in Israel, but Egyptian authorities denied he had ever been in the country.

The Department of Defense reported that Iraqi fighters have not mounted "a coherent defense" and major combat operations in Iraq is essentially over. It will move into a phase that entails smaller, but sharp fights. In support of the statement it also announced that two US Navy aircraft carriers and the ships in their battle groups will leave the Persian Gulf this week and return to their home ports. The Kitty Hawk will return to its base at Yokosuka, Japan, and the Constellation will return to San Diego, CA. as the US military begins a draw down of the forces it deployed for the war in Iraq.

Carrier And Combat Support Ships

Monday was the last day that aircraft from all five carriers would fly missions over Iraq. The number of missions flown is down to about 800 a day, with fewer than 200 precision-guided bombs and missiles dropped. The departure of the USS Kitty Hawk and the USS Constellation reflects a winding down of the air campaign, although the Pentagon is still sending more ground forces to Kuwait and Iraq.

That will leave a single carrier in the Gulf, the USS Nimitz, which last week replaced the carrier USS Abraham Lincoln. Two other carriers remain in the eastern Mediterranean, the USS Theodore Roosevelt and the USS Harry Truman. However plans are being made to send one of those home soon.

The Air Force also has already begun ordering units home. They have sent four B-2 stealth bombers back home to Whiteman Air Force Base, MO. They were flying missions over Iraq from the Indian Ocean island of Diego Garcia and from Fairford air base in Britain. Other B-2s flew roundtrip missions from Whiteman. Six of the F-117 stealth fighters have returned to their home base 49th Fighter Wing at Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico and the remaining F-117 jets are expected to return within days as well the F-15Cs who will return to their Kadena Air Base in Okinawa,

The Army continues its build up in the Gulf region. The 1st Armored Division is sending two armored brigades and one aviation brigade from bases in Germany, and one brigade is going from its base at Fort Riley, KS. The Division began moving its equipment to ports for shipment to the Gulf region, and its troops will follow by air in a couple of weeks.

Main Body Of 4th Infantry Division

The main body of the much-heralded 4th Infantry Division rumbled into southern Iraq on Monday to reinforce the war effort. The 4th Infantry is considered the most lethal heavy division of the Army, equipped with a sophisticated computer system linking all vehicles. The division boasts the latest improvements in tank vehicles, Bradley fighting vehicles and Apache attack helicopters. About 500 vehicles in two convoys snaked their way along a sandy road, following advance units that had scouted the way under cover of darkness late Saturday, up through Kuwait.

Hundreds of men, women and children lined the access road to the main highway inside Iraq, and running up to the vehicles. One little girl in a blue frock yelled out "Americans" and smiled and waved, while another with a white dress and black head scarf alternated between giving "thumbs up" signs and blowing kisses. With the last vestiges of Iraqi resistance crumbling in the northern city of Tikrit, it was not clear whether the 4th Infantry Division will see any combat action or take more of a stabilization role.

One of the secondary objectives of the war with Iraq was to preserve the Oil resources so that its revenues could be used in a benefitual manner to help the its citizens. Iraq has the world's second-largest proven crude reserves, at 112 billion barrels. But its pipelines, pumping stations and oil reservoirs have suffered for years from a lack of funding to maintenance the resources in a productive state. The regime utilized its resources to build grandiose palaces and build up an Army which would protect the ruling party. Now the Iraqi can add sabotage to its list of problems.

Though early surveys suggest the northern oil fields appear undamaged, much of the support equipment in the area, from offices to computer data to heavy machinery, has been sabotaged or looted.Inside the Northern Oil Co. offices in the Baba oil fields, the air was smoky Monday, four days after someone looted the place as Saddam's forces quit Kirkuk Local engineers said the wells were largely untouched, but production cannot begin until damaged equipment is replaced. The United States indicated that it had entered into an independent contractor, Halliburton, to determine just what needs to be done.

On Tuesday, 15 April (Day-27), the commander of 6,000 Iraqi army troops who controlled the vast area of the western desert of Iraq along the Syrian border formally surrendered to US forces, marking another dramatic step toward the end of the Iraq war. The surrender came as the US led coalition focuses growing attention on Syria, which Washington and London allege is hiding chemical weapons and had been cooperating extensively with the now-toppled regime of Saddam Hussein.

General Mohammed Jarawi, in full military uniform with black beret, stood silently with his number two, Brigadier Ahmad Sadeq, as US Colonel Curtis Potts, commander of the 4th Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division accepted the papers and handed them to his assistants, to be passed up later in the day to the highest levels of US command.

After inking the formal surrender agreement document under a broiling sun at a remote outpost in the western Iraqi desert, General Mohammed Jarawi said, "I am ready to help. Thank you for liberating Iraq and making it stable. I hope we have a very good friendship with the United States. Now is the time to rebuild Iraq and turn over the country to the Iraqi people,"

Jarawi headed the Anbar section command, Iraqi forces who under Saddam Hussein's rule had control over the sweeping western Anbar province extending all the way to the Syrian border and down along the frontier with Saudi Arabia.

After gaining control of Saddam Hussein's hometown of Tikrit, American forces are circling back to cities they bypassed on their rush to reach Baghdad and beyond. They will snuff out any remnants of the Iraqi president's Republican Guard or other Iraqi forces and take a closer look at clues to the whereabouts of four missing US service members, prisoners of war from the 1991 war and hidden missiles or other illegal weapons.

Fighting has ended in Qaim, a western town near the Syrian border where Iraqi holdouts had been battling US forces for about a week. American troops are still negotiating with local leaders for control of the town, discussing issues such as whether and when a curfew would be imposed and what forces would police the town.

Victory has yet to be declared, but the rush for Iraqi gold is on. They couldn't prevent the war, but that hasn't stopped the "Non-Nyet-Nein" coalition of France, Russia and Germany from staking their individual claims to a role in shaping, and profiting from, the new Iraq. Even before the fighting stopped, the three European powers were moving to build bridges to the United States and Britain to ensure their companies get a share in rebuilding the infrastructure in Iraq.

France says it wants to be pragmatic, Germany says it is an honest broker because it has no economic interests in Iraq, and Russia says it will consider Washington's call to forgive some $8 billion in Soviet era debt.

All three have sounded conciliatory in the past week, while saying they want to see the United Nations play the lead role in post-war reconstruction - a tactic widely seen as an effort to avoid being locked out of business deals by the United States. Their fears are understandable, especially after the US House of Representatives presented a measure, last week, to bar French, Russian and German companies from participating in rebuilding the infrastructure or oil resources in Iraq.

Wary of lingering threats posed by foreign fighters, Coalition Forces intensified the search for Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and prisoners of war. As they worked to restore calm in Iraq's cities, representatives from some of Iraq's often-quarrelsome factions met in the biblical birthplace of the prophet Abraham to begin shaping the country's postwar government. The meeting took place at Tallil Airbase, close to the 4,000 year old ziggurat at Ur, a terraced-pyramid temple of the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians.

Zalmay Khalilzad, US Envoy To Iraq

The participants included Kurds, Sunni and Shiite Muslims from inside the country as well as others who have spent many years in exile. US officials issued invitations to the groups, but each designated their own representatives. The moderator was Zalmay Khalilzad, the White House envoy to Iraq. Jay Garner, the retired US General heading ORHA, was also expected along with representatives from the countries that contributed Coalition Forces - Britain, Australia and Poland.

Many Iraqis said they would boycott the meeting and opposed US plans to install Jay Garner, the retired US General heading ORHA, as head of an interim administration. A national conference is planned ultimately to select the interim Iraqi government, perhaps within weeks.The US led interim administration could begin handing power back to Iraqi officials within three to six months, but forming a government will take longer. Garner's Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance is charged with coordinating humanitarian assistance, rebuilding infrastructure shattered by years of war and UN sanctions, and gradually handing back power to Iraqis leading a democratically elected government.

Thousands of Shiite Muslims whose representatives were boycotting the meeting demonstrated in nearby Nasiriyah against the gathering because of concerns that the Unites States will establish their own form of government.

During the session, White House envoy Zalmay Khalilzad strongly indicated to the delegates that the United States has "no interest, absolutely no interest, in ruling Iraq". Following that statement, the delegates concluded that they would be in agreement and would meet again in 10 days. They summarized the meeting in 13 points.

1. Iraq must be democratic.
2. The future government of Iraq should not be based on communal identity.
3. A future government should be organized as a democratic federal system, but on the basis of countrywide consultation.
4. The rule of law must be paramount.
5. Iraq must be built on respect for diversity including respect for the role of women.
6. The meeting discussed the role of religion in state and society.
7. The meeting discussed the principle that Iraqis must choose their leaders, not have them imposed from outside.
8. Political violence must be rejected, and Iraqis must immediately organize themselves for the task of reconstruction at both the local and national levels.
9. Iraqis and the coalition must work together to tackle the immediate issues of restoring security and basic services.
10. The Baath Party must be dissolved and its effects on society must be eliminated.
11. There should be an open dialogue with all national political groups to bring them into the process.
12. The meeting condemned the looting that has taken place and the destruction of documents.
13. The Iraqi participants voted to have another meeting in 10 days. That meeting would be held with additional Iraqi participants in a location to be determined. It would discuss procedures for developing an interim Iraqi authority.

The Mideast pot is beginning to boil as the US Government begins to utilize information gleaned from captured Iraqi documents. Top US officials have accused Syria of giving sanctuary to fleeing Iraqi officials and of assisting Saddam Hussein in his failed efforts to defend Iraq against the US led invasion.

Amid mounting accusations that Damascus, the capital of Syria, is harboring members of Saddam Hussein's Iraqi government, information indicating that former Iraqi spy chief Farouk Hijazi is believed to be in Syria. Hijazi was director of external operations for the Iraqi intelligence agency Mukhabarat in the mid-1990s, when the agency allegedly launched a failed attempt to assassinate President George H. Bush during a visit to Kuwait.

As an alternate to direct confrontation with Syria, indirect economic pressure is being applied to fracture their already weak economy. US military engineers have reported that they have already shut down the pipeline used for illegal export of oil shipments from Iraq to Syria. The pipeline opened in 2000 and was believed to have handled about $1.2 billion worth of oil a year shipped in violation of the United Nations sanctions against Iraq.

In other Mideast areas, another compounding factor is the escape of the key terrorist prisoners from the secure Yemeni jail. The investigation continues to determine the degree of inside help that may have been provided. In Lebanon, the prime minister resigned but is expected to head a new government, handpicked to be more friendly to neighboring Syria, strengthening their posture to the US.

In the Gulf Arab states, the six-nation Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) - a political, economic and military alliance of six nations of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait and Oman, which together own nearly half the world's oil reserves wants the US led forces to leave Iraq as soon as possible and hand over control of the country to its people. Their major concern is that the longer the US stays around, their own governmental power base weakens. On Tuesday, they rejected the US accusations that Syria was developing chemical weapons and sheltering Iraqi leaders, and said the US led occupation of Iraq should end quickly.

Force XXI Battle Command System

In its first combat engagement since the Vietnam War on Wednesday, 16 April (Day-28), the Army's 4th Infantry Division was guided by a sophisticated computer network that tracked the division's 1st Brigade during a skirmish at the Taji Airbase 60 kilometers (40 miles ) north of Baghdad. The computer system, that tracks friendly and enemy forces and pinpoints hazards like minefields on video game-like touch screens, got its first use in battle. Commanders anticipate that it will cut down on friendly fire deaths.

The computer system network, known as Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below, works as a battlefield Internet that keeps track of forces engaged in fast-moving combat tactical situations. The system's global positioning satellite navigation system also warns whenever a vehicle strays from its preprogrammed planned ground path.

Prior to engagement with enemy forces, elements of the 1st Brigade, 4th Infantry Division had pushed through Baghdad overnight and set up near Taji Airbase north of the capital after 40 straight hours on the road from southern Iraq. Before entering the base, they had blew up a truck, three anti-aircraft guns and two surface-to-air missile systems along the road to render them useless and to get rid of the "pre-game jitters".

4th ID Soldiers Destroy Vehicle

As Abrams tanks and Bradley fighting vehicles rolled onto the air base, they spotted two men in civilian clothes loading ammunition into a sport utility vehicle, who then darted into a bunker. Their first combat engagement in Iraq came when one of the tanks fired on the bunker. The two men ran out and tried to escape in a truck, but their vehicle was hit by another tank round. The two other men killed were in another bunker hit by a tank round. During the skirmish, several of the Iraqis had fired on them with AK-47s.

A follow-up force of some 20 tanks and 35 personnel carriers of the 8th Infantry Regiment, 4th Infantry Division of Ft. Carson, CO, occupied the base, going building to building to make sure they were all clear. They pulled down a golden statue of Saddam Hussein at the front gate. As of midday, the Division had destroyed a truck, three anti-aircraft guns and two FROG-7 missile systems and launchers near the airfield. In the early assessment of the action, the network provided a level of situational awareness that was second to none, as soldiers of 1st Brigade took control of the Taji Airbase, killing four combatants and taking at least two dozen Enemy Prisoners of War (EPR). There were no American casualties.

In other action, US Special Forces, backed by 40 Marines, raided the Baghdad residence of the microbiologist Rahib Taha. Nicknamed "Dr. Germ" by United Nation's weapons inspectors, she ran Iraq's secret biological laboratory that is suspected of weaponizing anthrax. During the raid, three men emerged with their hands up. Searches yielded several boxes of documentation that were removed for study and review later. Taha's whereabouts was not immediately determined.

The Marines also found an abandoned terrorist training camp, on the outskirts of Baghdad, where recruits had been taught how to make bombs. the terrorist training camp in the outskirts of Baghdad consisted of about 20 permanent buildings and had been operated jointly by the Iraqi regime and the Palestine Liberation Front. The camp included an obstacle course and what appeared to be a prison, to teach terrorists what to do if captured and interrogated.

Security Alert

The Bush administration lowered the national security terror alert level from "Orange" to "Yellow", suggesting the threat of terrorism linked to the war in Iraq has abated. The conclusion of major fighting in Iraq as well as several other factors led to a decision to lower the alert level. Many of the extra security measures imposed by the Department Homeland Security's Operation LIBERTY SHIELD will also end.

Ongoing reviews of intelligence regarding the threat of to the decision to lower the alert level to mid-range on the five-tier danger scale. The threat level had been raised to orange, meaning a "high" risk of terrorist attacks from several quarters: al-Qaida, Iraqi operatives and freelance terrorists, on 17 March, days before the war began. The new lower level signifies an "elevated" risk.

Smoke Marks Skyline of Baghdad

Plumes of thick smoke marks the skyline of Baghdad on Thursday, April 17 (Day-29), as forces continue their crack down on lawlessness in the Iraqi capital. With the major centers of Iraqi defenses becoming under control, US military operations, while maintaining a focus on combat and force protection, have transitioned to a higher degree of civil patrol of the population and by using screened reliable and trustful, former members of the Iraqi civil police to support their operations.

Pentagon officials are concerned that the looting and destruction of Iraqi government documents and other clues could destroy evidence related to the search for Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). In addition to original warfare tasks of combat and force protection, finding and eliminating the chemical and biological weapons manufactured by Saddam Hussein's defunct regime is now a top priority of the US led military forces in Iraq. To do so, the troops must find the documents and experts that can tell them where the banned materials are located. As political pressure continues to build to find the Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) cited as a key justification for the war, the United States has enlisted a number of former UN weapons inspectors to help search for nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) arms in Iraq.

In addition, US and coalition forces also have a major task in establishing an effective method of border control to prevent Iraqi nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) weapons experts from fleeing the country.Some Iraqi officials trying to leave Iraq through Syria, for example, are believed to be those with ties to weapons programs.

Ibrahim Hasan

US Special Forces on Thursday captured Barzan Ibrahim Hasan, the second of three half-brothers of Saddam Hussein. He is considered a major catch in the effort to roundup members of the former regime.Hasan, was a presidential adviser to Saddam and has "extensive knowledge of the regime's workings". Information from residents of the capital led to the arrest of Barzan Hasan, who was captured alone in Baghdad.

Barzan Hasan, like his brother Watban, is seen as a significant catch because of the likelihood he could provide information on Saddam's suspected weapons of mass destruction program, one of the major reasons the United States and Great Britain launched the war. Barzan Hasan appears as the Five of Clubs in the set of playing cards issued by the US military authorities to help capture the most wanted leaders of Saddam's former regime and is No. 38 on the revised list of the 55. Thursday's surrender was the 3rd fugitive of the most wanted list to be placed in US custody.

The third half-brother, Sabawi Ibrahim Hassan, has taken refuge in Damascus, Syria. He appears as the Six of Diamonds in the set of playing cards issued by the US military authorities to help capture the most wanted leaders of Saddam's former regime and is No. 36 on the revised list of the 55.

On Thursday, the US Agency for International Development (USAID) awarded the Bechtel Corporation, a California based engineering and construction company, a contract for rebuilding Iraq's power, water and sewage systems and repairing airports and a seaport. The USAID indicated that the San Francisco engineering and construction company initially will receive $34.6 million for the initial development phase of repair and rehabilitation or reconstruction of Iraq's power generation facilities, electrical grids, municipal water systems and sewage systems, many of which have fallen into disrepair under 12 years of United Nation sanctions or were damaged during US bombing raids.

In addition to the current scope of Bechtel's work on utility systems, the contract also provides for a role in repair and reconstruction of hospitals, schools, selected government ministry buildings, irrigation facilities, transportation links, rehabilitation or repair of airport facilities and dredging, repair and upgrading of the Umm Qasr seaport in cooperation with other contractors which could increase the value to an amount over $680 million over 18 months, if Congress approves the funds.

Samir al-Najim

On Friday, 18 April (Day-30), as the coalition forces continued their nationwide search for Saddam and his leadership group, another senior Baath Party official on the US most-wanted list, Samir Abd al-Aziz al-Najim,the Baath Party Regional Command Chairman for east Baghdad, was handed over to US troops by Iraqi Kurds near the northern city of Mosul overnight. Al-Najim appears as the Four of Clubs in the set of playing cards issued by the US military authorities to help capture the most wanted leaders of Saddam's former regime and is No. 42 on the revised list of the 55. Friday's capture was the 4th fugitive of the most wanted list to be placed in US custody.

Al-Najim, a Sunni Arab, was a member of the Baath party's Regional Command, the top decision-body in the party. He was Iraqi Oil Minister until earlier this year and was Saddam's chief of staff for several years after the 1991 Gulf War. He had previous assignments as ambassador to Egypt, Turkey, Spain and Moscow and was a top insider of Saddam's regime.

Artillery Zeros In On Balad Airport

Early Friday morning, images from an unmanned surveillance plane indicated the presence of a force of 20 to 30 paramilitary fighters were loading ammunition into pickup trucks at an airfield called Balad, located 67 kilometers (45 miles) north of Baghdad. The 4th Infantry Division laid down an artillery barrage on selected targets in the area as an armored unit of Abrams tanks and Bradley armored fighting vehicles advanced on the airfield, backed by mortar fire along with the close air support of Apache and Blackhawk helicopters flying overhead. The Division closed on the airport and secured the immediate area.

In the firefight, one US officer was injured and five Iraqis were taken prisoner. In addition to six MIG fighter jets, found concealed under camouflage, hundreds of AK-47s and rocket-propelled grenades were found, and five anti-aircraft guns destroyed. The paramilitary forces had been using the airfield as an ordnance storage facility, taking weapons and ammunitions to other points in attempts to spread disorder throughout the countryside.

Today, American forces released more than 900 Iraqi prisoners, beginning the process of sorting through the thousands detained in the month-old war. Those released were determined to be noncombatants, meaning they did not engage in hostile acts during the war and were not part of a military force.

For instance, they may have been civilians caught up in the fighting and was one of those taken from the battlefield who was a security risk or who may be in harm's way. British coalition forces already had released 877 prisoners they were holding at a separate location. Taking the releases announced today, coalition forces still hold 6,850 prisoners in custody.

While some of the Iraqi POWs could be charged with committing war crimes or other offenses, the Pentagon is trying to determine whether other classifications of military prisoners could simply be set free without waiting for an interim Iraqi government to be formed.

MIG Fighter Jet Under Camouflage

Australian special forces who seized an Iraqi air base have found 51 MIG fighter jets, one of the biggest enemy aircraft discoveries of the war, as well as armored vehicles, anti-weapons systems and training materials on weapons of mass destruction. The Australian troops had been watching the air base west of Baghdad for about a week and had been warned it could be a storage site for weapons of mass destruction.

Troops found instruction manuals and other training materials on Nuclear, Biological and Chemical (NBC) weapons, but that it wasn't stated whether the material instructed soldiers how to use such agents, or how to protect against them. Bunkers capable of withstanding Nuclear, Biological and Chemical attack (NBC) also were also found at the complex.

It was not immediately known if any of the equipment discovered had been supplied to Iraq in violation of the United Nations weapons embargo. Australian forces have not determined how many of the aircraft are in flying condition, but in any case, it would be up to the new government of Iraq to decide what to do with the jets.

Mikmat al-Azzawi

Officers from Iraq's newly revived police force was apprehended Friday in Baghdad and arrested Saddam Hussein's former finance minister, Hikmat Mizban Ibrahim al-Azzawi appears as the Eight of Diamonds in the set of playing cards issued by the US military authorities to help capture the most wanted leaders of Saddam's former regime and is No. 28 on the revised list of the 55. Friday's capture was the 5th fugitive of the most wanted list to be placed in US custody.

Hikmat Mizban Ibrahim al-Azzawi, who also served as a deputy prime minister, was captured the same day that one of Saddam's top scientists, depicted as the mastermind of Iraq's nerve agent program, turned himself in to the Americans.

On Saturday, 19 April (Day-31), at about 0300 hours (local), the Army took control of civil administration of post-war Iraq from the Marines, inheriting a daunting task plagued by confusion and public animosity towards the US occupation. Elements of the 4th Infantry Division and the 101st Airborne, in anticipation of the change over, had also moved into the capital.

By first light, the heavy Marine presence had completely vanished from Baghdad's streets and was replaced by small numbers of soldiers from the Army's 3rd Infantry Division and 4th Infantry Division who will share the task of rebuilding the city's infrastructure and keeping order. The army is traditionally responsible for civil affairs issues such as rebuilding security and water and electricity systems and a 30,000-strong task force from the 4th Infantry is currently flowing into Iraq from Kuwait.

The forces will also have to take on their task, amid growing hostility to their presence from locals and the remnants of Saddam Hussein's die-hard Fedayeen militia and suicide bombers, who have claimed the lives of eight US soldiers in three blasts since the war began on March 20.

In other deployments, the Army's 1st Armored Division will begin moving into Iraq within the next few weeks, allowing troops from the 3rd Infantry Division and the 82nd and 101st Airborne divisions, among the first wave of US ground troops in Iraq, to start leaving Iraq as early as June.

Former POWs Prepare To Go Home

The seven former US prisoners of war smiled and waved to a crowd of well-wishers Saturday as they boarded a C-17 in Germany that was carrying them home to their families in the United States. About 30 well-wishers waving American flags and one bearing a banner that read "Proud of Our Warriors" gathered beside the plane to see the seven off and to wish them a safe journey home.

A nine-member team of doctors, psychiatrists and a chaplain were accompanying the seven on their trans-Atlantic flight, which was expected to last about 13 hours. The former POWs are to fly to Ft. Bliss in Texas, where five of them are stationed with the US Army's 507th Maintenance Company. The two other, Apache helicopter crewmen, with the 227th Aviation Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division, will then continue to their home base at Ft. Hood, Texas. The plane, which took off at 1455 hours (local), will be refueled in mid-air to avoid requiring an additional stop.

Mujahedeen's Iraq Camp At Ashraf

Some 3,000 Iranian troops entered Iraq this week and are preparing to attack an armed Iranian opposition outfit based in their Iraqi camp at Ashraf, 100 kilometers (62 miles) north of Baghdad. The soldiers in armored personnel carriers entered the regions of Khaneghein and Mandali in the Diyala province northeast of Baghdad, Iran may be taking advantage of the post-war chaos in Iraq to seize control of "key elements" in eastern Iraqi towns, and send their elite Iranian Revolutionary Guards in civilian clothes into Baghdad and attack the Mujahedeen.

The United States, along with Iran and the European Union, considers the People's Mujahedeen a terrorist organization. The group has frequently claimed responsibility for attacks and assassinations inside Iran but says it only targets the military and other elements of the clerical regime. Coalition forces in Iraq are currently trying to arrange the surrender of the People's Mujahedeen, whose camps have been targeted by coalition airstrikes over the last six days.

The Umm Qasr and Basra Railway

Saturday a locomotive roared to life with a creaky groan, indicating that the British and Iraqi officials had formally reopened the rail line between Umm Qasr and Basra, the expected route for aid into the rest of southern Iraq. As a British military band played "When the Saints Come Marching In", the newly formed Umm Qasr town council cut a white ribbon and the Chinese-made engine pulled out of the port station with four passenger cars on a test run. The restoration of rail service, a very important day for southern Iraq, is another sign that normality is returning and the days of warfare are nearly over.

Umm Qasr's deep-water port became a military objective because it was seen as the best entry route for relief supplies into southern Iraq. With a railroad line now in operation, supplies can be easily funneled into the key southern city of Basra, the country's second largest, and the surrounding region. The first major trainload of medical supplies and water will head to Basra next week. For Umm Qasr's 45,000 residents, the revived rail line was also the latest signal of a return to self-sufficiency. Working with British forces, residents have already managed to restore water, electricity and a phone system.

Former POWs Waves American Flag    1st Cavalry Division - A First Team

The seven former US Prisoners Of War were flown home, with the first stop being at Ft. Bliss, TX, to a crowd of flag-waving family and friends, one week after they were rescued in Iraq. Thousands of well-wishers hoisted flags and burst into cheers as the C-17 transport plane landed on a wind-swept runway. Two servicemen poked their heads through a hatch on top of the plane, holding an American flag and waving to the crowd as the plane taxied along the tarmac.

Friends and family gathered under the tail of the plane with open arms as the soldiers exited. After a private reception and dinner of submarine sandwiches, cookies and pink lemonade, the five Ft. Bliss soldiers were to spend the night at the post to undergo evaluation by doctors from nearby William Beaumont Army Medical Center, Ft. Bliss.

Five of the seven former POWs are stationed with the US Army's 507th Maintenance Company, located at Ft. Bliss, TX. The five Ft. Bliss soldiers, Specialist Joseph Hudson, 23, Alamogordo, NM; Specialist Shoshana Johnson, 30, El Paso; TX; Specialist Edgar Hernandez, 21, Mission, TX; Private First Class Patrick Miller, 23, Park City, KS, and Sergeant James Riley, 31, Pennsauken, NJ, were captured and nine comrades were killed in an attack near Nasiriyah, Iraq. Another member of the 507th, Private First Class Jessica Lynch, was rescued separately in a daring commando raid and, after being returned to the United States, continues to recuperate at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC.

The two other former POWs, Apache helicopter crewmen, are stationed with the 227th Aviation Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division, located at Ft. Hood, TX. After the reception at Ft. Bliss, TX, Chief Warrant Officer David S. Williams, 30, of Orlando, FL., and Chief Warrant Officer Ronald D. Young Jr., 26, of Lithia Springs, GA, were flown to Ft. Hood, TX. Upon landing, they were escorted down a red carpet and were met with chants of "Hoo-ah!" from their comrades and to a swarm of overjoyed friends and relatives who exchanged hugs, tears and handshakes with them. The crowd cheered and clapped amid the tumult of a brass band's military tune of "Garryowen".

Christians Observe Easter Sunday

Iraqi Christians observed a somber Easter Sunday, 20 April (Day-32), praying for an end to postwar chaos and uncertainty, as a first convoy of food aid reached Baghdad. The mood was anxious as hundreds of Christians, dressed in the best clothes they could find, went to church to pray on the day they believe Jesus rose from the dead. Father Jalil Mansoor David, who led the service said "Now we must all work together to rebuild our society and also promote the role of Christianity. The responsibility on us is great".

The mood was also subdued among the hundreds of people who crammed into the small St Paul's church in the northern city of Mosul, where relations are tense between local Arabs and Kurds residents.

While Christians prayed, tens of thousands of Shiite Muslims, Iraq's majority population, beat their chests as they streamed toward the holy central city of Kerbala, in a pilgrimage banned by Saddam for nearly a quarter of a century. Dozens of tents were set up along the 75 kilometer (50 miles) route where Shiite groups scooped up water from oil drums and handed it to pilgrims to sustain them on their tough walk. The pilgrimage reaches its climax on next Wednesday.

Jamal Sultan

Jamal Mustafa Abdallah Sultan al-Tikriti, the son-in-law of Saddam Hussein, has left the Syrian capital and surrendered to the Iraqi National Congress in Baghdad on Sunday. Jamal Mustafa Abdallah Sultan al-Tikriti is married to Saddam's youngest daughter, Hala, and was deputy head of the Tribal Affairs Office in Saddam's ousted regime. He appears as the Nine of Clubs in the set of playing cards issued by the US military authorities to help capture the most wanted leaders of Saddam's former regime and is No. 22 on the revised list of the 55. Saturday's surrender was the 6th fugitive of the most wanted list to be placed in US custody.

There were some negotiations until he was persuaded to come to Baghdad and surrender in Baghdad. Al-Tikriti was being questioned by intelligence officers of the Free Iraqi Forces and would be turned over to the US military "in a matter of hours, not days". Al-Tikriti is in his mid-30s and there is no information about the whereabouts of the daughter.

Human al-Ghafu

Human abd al-Khaliq abd al-Ghafur, Iraqi's former scientific research and higher education minister has been captured and is now in coalition custody. The minister appears as the Four of Hearts in the set of playing issued by the US military authorities to help capture the most wanted leaders of Saddam's former regime and is No. 43 on the revised list of the 55. Saturday's capture was the 7th fugitive of the most wanted list to be placed in US custody.

No details on how he was captured was given by officers of the Central Command who have expressed confidence that now that the war is virtually over, they are receiving an increasing number of tip-offs on the whereabouts of top officials of Saddam's now ousted regime.

As the dust settles on post-Saddam Iraq and reveals a new security landscape in the Gulf, a key question for the United States is whether it should maintain or withdraw its forces in Saudi Arabia. The 12-year-old Operation Southern Watch, the centerpiece of the US military presence in Saudi Arabia, became an overnight anachronism. But with no hostile border to guard and no no-fly zone over southern Iraq to patrol, the US air forces in Saudi Arabia no longer have a clearly defined mission. Indeed, the most compelling rationale for keeping US troops in Saudi Arabia, the threat posed by a belligerent Iraq, was swept away last week in the thundering collapse of the regime of Saddam Hussein.

Even before the war, the Saudi royal family was uneasy about a fundamentalist backlash in the kingdom and let it be known through leaks to the New York Times that it expected US forces to leave once the fighting was over. US air forces still plan use Saudi Arabia's Prince Sultan Air Base (PSAB), a two-year-old command center, to fly missions in support of US forces in Iraq where there is still sporadic combat.

Lt. Gen, Jay Garner Reviews Data

Jay Garner, the retired US General heading ORHA, arrived Monday, 21 April (Day-33), in Baghdad. He is charged with the responsibility of overseeing the reconstruction of Iraq and help rebuild Iraq for an eventual interim government made up of Iraqis. Tim Cross, his British deputy, accompanied him and the initial team of about 19 civilian administrators, expected to grow to about 450 over the next week.

Jay Garner, said his priority was to restore basic services such as water and electricity "as soon as we can", and acknowledged that the job would take intense work. Garner said he aimed to get the job done and leave as soon as possible, but declined to give a time frame. When asked, his response was "We will be here as long as it takes. We will leave fairly rapidly".

The government is sending more than 1,000 experts specializing in weapons, intelligence and computers to augment the existing Mobile Exploitation Team (MET) that was set up to hunt for illegal Weapons of Mass Destruction. They will join in with some 200 experts already looking for evidence in Iraq for Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), analyzing documents, interrogating prisoners and scouring suspicious sites which will lead to the proof that fallen President Saddam Hussein had Nuclear, Biological and Chemical (NBC) weapons programs. The additions to the search team, expected to be sent as soon as safety allows, would speed up a process that hasn't moved as quickly as anticipated.

The slow methodical search for Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) may beginning to pay off. The Mobile Exploitation Team (MET), set up to hunt for illegal Weapons of Mass Destruction interviewed an Iraqi scientist who claims to have worked in Saddam Hussein's chemical weapons program that Iraq destroyed and buried chemical weapons and biological warfare equipment only days before the war began March 20.

Military officials said the scientist told them that several months before the war, he watched as Iraqi officials buried chemical precursors for weapons and other sensitive material to conceal and protect them for future use. Four days before President George W. Bush gave Saddam an ultimatum in March, the scientist indicated that Iraqi officials set fire to a warehouse where biological weapons research was conducted.

The Iraqi scientist, who was not named for fear he might be harmed, also said Iraq has secretly sent stockpiles of deadly agents and weapons technology to Syria in the mid-1990s, and more recently was cooperating with Osama bin Laden's al-Qaida terror network. The report on these details was held by military censors for three days, and some details about the chemicals were not allowed to be published.

The hunt is expected to gain speed because of increasing tips from Iraqis as well. The Iraqi people are emerging from the shadow of Saddam's tyranny to help coalition forces find death squads, uncover weapons caches, capture regime leaders, recover POWs, and restore order and basic services. That discovery south of Baghdad was made several days ago with the help of an Iraqi scientist who claimed to have worked in Saddam's chemical weapons program.

Outside of Iraq, the search for the whereabouts of Al Qaed members goes on at a fast pace. Today, the most recent status of the major al-Qaeda members on the "most wanted list" was released.

At large:

• ABD AL-AZIZ AL-JAMAL, aide to al-Zawahri.
• ABU BASIR AL-YEMENI, Yemeni, aide to Osama bin Laden.
• ABU HAFS THE MAURITANIAN, operational and spiritual leader.
• ABU MOHAMMAD AL-MASRI, Egyptian, training camp commander. On FBI Most Wanted Terrorist list as Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah.
• ABU MUSAB ZARQAWI, Jordanian, operational planner.
• AHMAD SAID AL-KADR, Egyptian-Canadian, financier.
• AYMAN AL-ZAWAHRI, Egyptian, bin Laden's doctor, spiritual adviser: On FBI Most Wanted Terrorist list.
• MIDHAT MURSI, Egyptian, chemical and bio-weapons researcher.
• MOHAMMED JAMAL KHALIFA, Saudi, financier.
• MOHAMMED OMAR ABDEL-RAHMAN, Egyptian, operational planner and trainer.
• MUSTAFA AHMED AL-HISAWI: September 11 financer.
• SAAD AL-SHARIF, Saudi, financer.
• SAAD BIN LADEN, Saudi, bin Laden's son.
• SAID BAHAJI, member of cell with chief September 11 hijacker Mohamed Atta.
• SAIF AL-ADIL, Egyptian, bin Laden security chief. On FBI Most Wanted Terrorist list.
• SHAIKH SAIID AL-MASRI, Egyptian, bin Laden chief financier.
• SULAIMAN ABU GHAITH, Kuwaiti, al-Qaida spokesman.
• TAWFIQ ATTASH KHALLAD, Yemeni, operational leader, suspected mastermind of USS Cole bombing in October 2000.
• USAMA BIN LADEN, Saudi, supreme leader: On FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list.
• ZAID KHAYR, operational leader.
• ZAKARIYA ESSABAR, member of cell with chief September 11 hijacker Mohamed Atta.

Captured:

• ABD AL-HADI AL-IRAQI, training camp command.
• ABD AL-RAHIM AL-NASHIRI, Saudi, Persian Gulf operations chief.
• ABU ZUBAIR AL-HAILI, Saudi, operational planner.
• ABU ZUBAYDAH, Palestinian-Saudi, terrorist coordinator.
• IBN AL-SHAYKH AL-LIBI, Libyan, training camp commander.
• KHALID SHAIKH MOHAMMED, Kuwaiti, suspected mastermind of September 11 attacks.
• RAMZI BINALSHIBH, Yemeni, planner and organizer of September 11 attacks.
• OMAR AL-FAROUQ, Kuwaiti, Southeast Asia operations chief.
• ZACARIAS MOUSSAOUI, charged as conspirator with September 11 hijackers.

Killed:

• ABU JAFAR AL-JAZIRI, aide to Abu Zubyadah. Killed.
• ABU SALAH AL-YEMENI: logistics. Killed.
• HAMZA AL-QATARI, financier. Killed.
• MOHAMMED ATEF, Egyptian, military chief. Killed in US airstrike.
• MOHAMMED SALAH, Egyptian, operational planner. Killed in US airstrike.
• QAED SALIM SINAN AL-HARETHI, Yemeni, Yemen operations chief. Killed in US airstrike.
• TARIQ ANWAR AL-SAYYID AHMAD, Egyptian, operational planner. Killed in US airstrike.

In another investigation, interviews with Mohammad Moshan Mohammad, manager and grave digger at the Al-Qarah cemetery located about 30 kilometers (18 miles) from central Baghdad He indicated that nearly 1,000 political prisoners lie buried in secret graves at a cemetery on the western outskirts of Baghdad. Ten to fifteen bodies would arrive at a time from the Abu Ghraib prison for burial.

There are no names at the grave sites which occupies three acres of land which is fenced off by a two meter (six feet) high wall. Most graves are marked with a steel stake and a piece of rusting tin bearing a number. It was reported that another five cemeteries in Baghdad with secret grave sites tat could contain as many as an additional 5,000 (political) corpses.

British Royal Marines To Go Home

After winning some of the hardest fighting of the Iraq war, Britain's Royal Marine Commandos began packing up battle-scarred hovercraft and landing vessels Monday to begin the long journey home. The departure over the next few weeks of the 2,000 troops of the 3rd Commando Brigade, among the British army's best-trained shock troops, is a sign of the relative stability that has come to the British sector in the southern city of Basra, the Faw Peninsula and the port of Umm Qasr. Peace-building and reconstruction, from the war and subsequent looting, will be left to engineers and civil affairs troops.

The 3rd Commando Brigade was in the thick of the war at the outset. Eight members died in an American helicopter crash in the first hours. Other units roared over mud flats in the Faw Peninsula with squat, black hovercraft and employed grappling hooks to tear down obstacles of barbed wire and steel girders.The noisy, low-slung craft moved so fast over the marshland that when they triggered mines, they had usually passed over them before the devices exploded. The commandos destroyed an Iraqi brigade and caused others, demoralized at the prospect of defeat, surrender or just disappear.

Hamza al-Zubaidi

Muhammad Hamza al-Zubaydi, known as Saddam Hussein's "Shiite Thug" for his role in Iraq's bloody suppression of the Shiite Muslim uprising of 1991 was arrested Monday. The Iraqi National Congress, the leading anti-Saddam organization, indicated that its forces arrested al-Zubaydi in Hillah, about 60 miles south of Baghdad, and turned him over to US forces. Administration officials have identified al-Zubaydi as one of nine Iraqis, including Saddam himself, sought for trial on charges of war crimes or crimes against humanity.

A nurse by training and former member of Iraq's ruling Revolutionary Command Council and regional commander of the central Euphrates district. Al-Zubaydi appears as the Queen of Spades in the set of playing cards issued by the US military authorities to help capture the most wanted leaders of Saddam's former regime and is No. 9 on the revised list of the 55. Monday's capture was the 8th fugitive of the most wanted list to be placed in US custody.

Iraqi opposition groups have accused Al-Zubaydi of the 1999 assassination of top Shiite cleric. Al-Zubaydi has been an associate of Saddam since the early 1960s and had been retired from a public role in the leadership for about two years.

An Iranian dissident militia group, the Mujahedeen Khalq, that has carried out attacks into Iran from its bases in Iraq has agreed to a cease-fire and has begun moving its vehicles into US controlled assembly areas. The move by the Mujahedeen Khalq came after the US military bombed the militia's bases and advised them to negotiate a reasonable set of surrender terms for its members who have been fighting the Tehran government from Iraq for 17 years.

PMO Technical Vehicle Bites Dust

American officials indicated that the Mujahedeen Khalq, or People's Mujahedeen Organization (PMO), was supported and directed by Saddam Hussein's regime. The group, which has some 15,000 members, is accused of staging attacks inside Iran in a bid to overthrow the Tehran leadership. But with the fall of Saddam, the Mujahedeen's fate in Iraq has become unclear. While the United States shares the Mujahedeen's opposition to Iran's leadership, the US State Department and the European Union have classified the Mujahedeen as a terrorist organization.

In a preliminary analysis of the human costs of actions of invading Iraq, US forces kept casualties low in the war to oust the regime of Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. Thanks to a tactical plan that relied on focused use of air power and minimized urban combat to defeat an overmatched enemy. To date, 128 US troops have been killed in the war, which has been going on a month and still brings sporadic clashes, with 495 wounded in action. as compared to the 1991 Gulf War, 148 US troops were killed and a further 467 wounded.

Invading and securing an entire country with such a low level of casualties, is extraordinary. One of the reasons for the minimum number of casualties was the absolute mismatch" between a well-equipped, well-trained and technologically advanced US military force against a decrepit Iraqi force. In a rough comparison of spending levels, the United States spends $400 billion a year on defense going against a country that spends $1 billion. International sanctions may have also hampered the ability of Iraq to modernize and rearm.

It is estimated that 15,000 to 20,000 Iraqi troops were killed in the war, with an additional 10,000 to 15,000 wounded. There are no comparative official figures for Iraqi troops killed in combat in 1991, but there are estimates that could easily support casualties as high as 100,000. It has been suggested that the lower Iraqi casualties is due to the fleeing and abandonment of engagement when faced with a superior attacking force.

Thousands of US soldiers poured into central Mosul in tanks and armed trucks on Tuesday, 22 April (Day-34), in a show of force aimed at intimidating heavily armed rival factions and taking control of the ethnically, divided Iraqi city. The brigade reinforces Special Forces and Marine units that had been struggling to restore order after the collapse of Saddam's regime touched off looting, arson and gunfire. Helicopters shuttled up to 5,000 troops of the 101st Airborne Division from the outskirts of Baghdad to Mosul's airport, and then armed trucks ferried them into Iraq's third largest city, with an estimated population of 1.7 million.

Tank units of the army's Fourth Infantry Division also rumbled into the violence-plagued city, passing grand mosques and bombed-out buildings, as well as negotiating their way round bustling street markets, as attack helicopters hovered overhead. Sporadic heavy gunfire echoed along the banks of the Tigris River in the city center but there no reports of clashes between US Army forces and local militia groups despite a series of gunfights with Marines in recent days.

Iraqis In Line To Apply For US Jobs

Combat in Iraq is all but over, yet US Army troops continue to stream into the country in an illustration of one of the ironies of current warfare: More soldiers often are needed to keep the peace than to fight the war. The Army's 4th Infantry Division, the latest to arrive in Iraq along with the 3rd Infantry Division and elements of the 101st and 82nd Airborne Divisions deployed in Baghdad. In the areas to the north, Units of those Divisions also are working in northern Iraq in support of efforts of the Special Forces and members of the 173rd Airborne Brigade. Stability operations usually are not as dangerous as combat, but they can be just as demanding and require much more finesse.

Top priorities for the US military in Iraq is establishing a firm basis for civil control, searching for Weapons of Mass Destruction and former Iraqi officials, as well as setting the conditions for a new Iraqi government to come to power. Today the military's role not as "nation building" but as helping in the transition from the overthrown government to a new one, in doing so they must create an environment that's sufficiently secure and hospitable to that kind of a change, but doing it without doing it in a manner that creates a dependency.

Such work is called "Phase IV" or stability operations in military parlance. Much of the work will be done by the same troops that fought the war. Other units called "civil affairs" forces specialize in these operations, and some accompanied the combat troops into battle. They are under the same military chain of command but specially trained and equipped to get food, water, shelter and medical care to needy populations and keep local rivalries from flaring into more violence. US Coalition Forces will also be active in the Phase IV efforts. Italy is sending 300 police, while the Czech Republic, Spain, Lithuanian and Jordan are providing medical aid.

High Security For Rumeila Fields

On Wednesday, 23 April (Day-35), for the first time since the war, oil from the southern Rumeila fields of Iraq began flowing through pipelines and power, at last, was restored to parts of Baghdad. In the holy city of Karbala, thousands of Shiite Muslims, using their newly acquired freedoms of expression, demonstrated against the United States.

The southern oil fields had been among the first installations secured when US and British Forces launched the ground war. Today, Coalition Forces, with the help of Iraqi oil workers, fired up a Gas-Oil Separation Plant (GOSP) that sent oil to a pumping station and storage tank at the Rumeila oil fields, near the southern city of Basra. The focus in restoring the oil is to give the biggest benefit to the Iraqi people in the shortest amount of time.

The southern Rumeila oil field, one of Iraq's largest, could be producing up to 1.1 million barrels a day in six to fifteen weeks. Northern oil fields around Kirkuk remain out of production; when they are reopened, Iraq could move toward its prewar production of 2.8 million barrels a day, and provide crucial revenue for reconstruction.

Many Iraqis have complained bitterly, and frequently, about US forces rushing to secure oil fields and the capital's oil ministry, leaving other ministries, universities, museums, hospitals and businesses to be looted and burned. US officials have acknowledged they were surprised by the rampage, and said troops were too occupied by combat to intervene when they first reached Baghdad.

In Baghdad, power was restored to about one-fifth of the city for the first time in three weeks. Baghdad residents and the US military have listed power as the capital's key need, to deter looting and help get a municipal administration back in operation.

In the holy cities of Karbala and Najaf, Wednesday was the climax of an emotional pilgrimage, peaceful so far, that has drawn an estimated 1 million Shiites. With Saddam Hussein's regime toppled, it was the first time since the 1970s that Iraq's Shiite majority could participate freely in the march mourning the martyred grandson of the Prophet Muhammad.

Money Found In Dog House Counted

American investigators were trying to figure out how hundreds of millions of US dollars, possibly genuine, perhaps counterfeit, ended up in Iraq despite economic sanctions in place since 1990. The latest stash, $112 million, was found by Army civil affairs soldiers inside seven dog kennels in a wealthy neighborhood where top regime officials once lived. Four soldiers were under investigation in the alleged theft of about $900,000 of a huge stash of dollars found earlier in the same neighborhood.

Some of the cash has been stumbled upon almost by accident, while the intensive nationwide search by US teams for banned Weapons of Mass Destruction has yet to turn up conclusive evidence of chemical or biological weapons. Six Iraqi scientists working at Baghdad research institutions that they were ordered to destroy some bacteria and equipment and hide more in their homes before visits from UN weapons inspectors in the months leading up to the war.

All the scientists said they were involved in civilian research projects and all said they knew of no programs for weapons of mass destruction. It was not clear why their materials, if for nonmilitary research, were ordered destroyed. Their accounts indicate Saddam's regime may have had advance knowledge of at least some of the inspectors' visits, as the United States has suspected, and that the regime was concerned about any material that could raise the suspicion of UN experts.

Muzahim Hassan

Coalition troops in Iraq captured four top former officials of Saddam Hussein's regime Wednesday, including the air defense force commander and the former head of military intelligence. The highest-ranking official in the group is Muzahim Sa'b Hassan al-Tikriti, who headed Iraq's air defenses under Saddam. He appears as the Queen of Diamonds in the set of playing cards issued by the US military authorities to help capture the most wanted leaders of Saddam's former regime and is No. 12 on the revised list of the 55. Wednesday's capture was the 9th fugitive of the most wanted list to be placed in US custody.

Al-Tikriti, who was from Saddam's hometown clan which made up much of the former Iraqi inner circle, also reportedly helped train the paramilitary Fedayeen Saddam forces. US officials have accused Fedayeen forces of committing war crimes including using civilians as human shields and killing Iraqis who wanted to surrender.

Zuhayr al-Naqib

The former head of Iraqi military intelligence, General Zuhayr Talib Abd al-Sattar al-Naqib, surrendered to US Forces in Baghdad. General Zuhayr Talib Abd al-Sattar al-Naqib was director of the Directorate of Military Intelligence, which monitored the loyalty of Iraq's regular army, provided security at Iraqi military facilities and collected intelligence on military forces opposing Iraq.

Naqib's position was equivalent to the head of the US Defense Intelligence Agency. He appears as the Seven of Hearts in the set of playing cards issued by the US military authorities to help capture the most wanted leaders of Saddam's former regime and is No. 31 on the revised list of the 55. Wednesday's capture was the 10th fugitive of the most wanted list to be placed in US custody.

He was a professional soldier who rose through the ranks of the Iraqi army, US officials said. The military intelligence directorate he headed was separate from the Iraqi Mukhabarat, which gathered strategic intelligence and conducted covert operations aimed at maintaining government authority.

The 56-year-old Naqib indicated that he had no apologies for his involvement in Saddam's government. He also made it clear that he had not always agreed with the Iraqi leader. However, he had shared Saddam's Pan-Arabist ideas and had hope that Iraq and its military could be the force for creating an Arab nation.

Mahdi al-Salih

Also captured on Wednesday, the former Iraqi trade minister, Muhammad Mahdi al-Salih who appears as the Six of Hearts in the set of playing cards issued by the US military authorities to help capture the most wanted leaders of Saddam's former regime and is No. 35 on the revised list of the 55. Wednesday's capture was the 11th fugitive of the most wanted list to be placed in US custody.

Also on Wednesday, allied special operations troops captured a Mukhabarat officer, Salim Said Khalaf al-Jumayli, formerly in charge of American operations. Al-Jumayli is suspected of having knowledge of Iraqi intelligence activities in the United States, including names of people spying for Iraq. He was not among the 55 most wanted leaders. In the capture of Al-Jumayli, No details were given about how Al-Jumayli was captured but, during the operation, there was one Iraqi casualty and no Americans suffered casualties.

Children Returned To Open Schools

On Thursday, 24 April (Day-36), chief US administrator Jay Garner, the retired US General heading ORHA, urged the Iraqi communities that it is very important to get back to work after the three-week war that ousted Saddam Hussein hand left much of the country in chaos. Hosting a meeting in Baghdad between his reconstruction team and about 60 academics and community leaders.

Iraqis who took part in the meeting, which lasted about an hour, said they had pressed Jay Garner, the retired US General heading ORHA, to restore essential services and law and order as quickly as possible to the battered capital. Jay Garner reported that some Iraqi government ministries were on the verge of reopening and Initially, experts from the United States and other countries will work jointly with Iraqis, then when Iraqis themselves are ready to accept the management, it will be turned over to them. In addition, he indicated "It is very important that people start back to work, especially those in public service."

Jay Garner indicated that the purpose of the US military, now, is to create an environment for Iraqis so that they can begin a process of building a government that leads to a democratic form. It was also emphasized that none of those individuals invited to the talks were not being endorsed by the US for leadership positions.

Most Wanted Legal Deliberations

Iraqi regime officials taken prisoner by the United States are navigating uncharted legal waters, some destined to be tried in Iraq for war crimes, others held as witnesses. Eleven of 55 officials on a most wanted list are now in the hands of the US-British coalition. One other, Ali Hassan al-Majid, known as "Chemical Ali," is believed to be killed in a bombing raid.

The US Central Command can not (or perhaps, will not) confirm their legal status. The plan is for those individuals, where there is evidence to support they have committed war crimes against US persons, they will be tried by US authorities. For those offenses or crimes committed against Iraqis or people from third countries, they will be dealt with separately by the Iraqis or the third country. To date, no one has been formally charged.

The United States intends for Saddam Hussein, if caught, to be tried along with other officials, by Iraqi courts for crimes against Iraqis, and by third countries if the victims are in third countries, Kuwait, for example. The distinction between crimes against Americans and against Iraqis was established this month by Pierre Richard Prosper, the US envoy for war crimes issues. The United States is working with exiled Iraqi jurists to formulate a new judicial process to handle the former Saddam regime officials.

Tariq Aziz

US Forces in Iraq have taken custody of Tariq Aziz, the former deputy prime minister and the most visible Iraqi leader other than Saddam Hussein. It is not known whether Aziz was captured or whether he turned himself in. He appears as the Eight of Spades in the set of playing cards issued by the US military authorities to help capture the most wanted leaders of Saddam's former regime and is No. 25 on the revised list of the 55. Thursday's surrender was the 12th fugitive of the most wanted list to be placed in US custody.

He was born in Tell Kaif, Iraq, in 1936, a circumstance that denied him the most powerful positions in Saddam's governments, which were reserved for members of the Iraqi leader's Tikriti clan. He was the only Christian in Saddam's inner circle; born Mikhail Yuhanna to a Chaldean Catholic family, he later changed his name to Tariq Aziz. His prominence in the regime could make Aziz a source for the best information yet on the fate of Saddam and his two sons, as well as the location of any hidden Weapons of Mass Destruction.

Earlier this week, amid mounting accusations that Damascus was harboring members of Saddam Hussein's government who had fled America's invasion of Iraq, US officials had indicated that Hijazi was in Syria. In a sign that tensions were easing between the US and Syria, President George W. Bush indicated that Syria had taken some measures to seal its border.

On Friday, 25 April (Day-37). Hijazi Farouk, former Iraqi spy chief, accused of plotting to assassinate former President George Bush in the 1900s, was detained by the US military and taken into custody in Iraq near the Syrian border. He had been in Tunisia when the war started and sought refuge in Syria as Saddam's government fell. It was unclear whether Hijazi was captured with some assistance from Syrian.

In addition, US officials announced the capture of Hijazi Faroukan who may hold key information. Some call him a main link between Saddam and possible al-Qaida links. The former intelligence chief is suspected of meeting with bin Laden in Afghanistan before 11 September terror attacks.

Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld indicated that other high-level prisoners are starting to provide useful information. Farouk Hijazi, Iraq's ambassador to Tunisia and a former high-ranking intelligence official, joins Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz and others under interrogation. The key questions put to them: What happened to Saddam Hussein and the rest of the Iraqi leadership? Where are chemical and biological weapons hidden? What links did Saddam have to terrorist groups.

UN Security Council Iraq Sanctions

Following Thursday's emergency session to extend the arrangements for Iraq's oil-for-food plan, the UN Security Council faced contentious US demands that UN controls be struck entirely from the multi-billion-dollar plan President George W. Bush has indicated several times he wants the sanctions, imposed in 1990, lifted entirely and diplomats said the United States was crafting a resolution that would guarantee that proceeds from future oil sales be held in trust for an interim Iraqi authority rather than the United Nations.

The consequences of any resolution would be to free oil sales and give the United States firm control over contracts and expenditures until an Iraqi government is in place. To minimize any fears of others that the United States and Britain are grabbing Iraq's oil, the United States plans an international oversight function, but not managed by the United Nations.

The Washington Post had indicated that the Bush administration advisers, on last Wednesday, adopted the proposal put forward by the Pentagon that eliminated all UN controls over Iraq, rather than the step-by-step approach preferred by the State Department. Revenue of oil sales would be monitored by the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund and the funds would be channeled to the Iraqi Central Bank, who would be in charge of allocation of the profits from oil sales, some of which would be spent on reconstruction designated by the Pentagon-run Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance or by the Iraqi Interim Authority.

Iraqi Oil Facilities Being Inspected

The United States will soon announce a new team of executives to run the Iraqi oil sector along the lines of American corporations. The US government is setting up Iraq's oil industry to run much like an American corporation, with a chief executive and management team vetted by US officials who would answer to a multinational board of advisers. The advisory board would be headed by Philip J. Carroll, a former chief executive of Shell Oil, the US unit of the Dutch-British oil giant Royal Dutch/Shell.

Carroll would work closely with an Iraqi vice-chairman, expected to be Fadil Othman, who worked as an Iraqi oil executive before Saddam Hussein came to power. The interim management team would be composed of current and former Iraqi oil sector officials. Newly appointed executives would answer to the advisory board which in turn would answer to Jay Garner, the retired US General heading ORHA, the US civil administrator for Iraq. The chief executive, who would have basically the same role as former oil ministers and would also have a seat on the advisory board, would represent Iraq at the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).

Donald Rumsfeld News Conference

While Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld rules out Shiite clerical rule in Iraq, US diplomats are calmly sounding out opinions in southern Iraq among the very Shiites who might see neighboring Iran as an example to follow. The different approaches illustrate the continuing divide between the US military and the diplomats over how to handle the internal politics of Iraq, where the collapse of three decades of Baathist rule has left a gaping power vacuum.

Ideally, the two branches of the US executive probably want something very similar, a liberal democracy favorable to the interests of the United States and its Mideast ally Israel. Before Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein disappeared and anarchy replaced repression, US officials spoke about the possibility of Iraq serving as a model of democracy for other Arab countries such as Syria, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.

The realities of patching together a credible Iraqi authority has made them lower their sights somewhat, as has the unexpected political assertiveness of the majority Shiite community, among whom opposition to the US military occupation of Iraq appears to be a rallying cry. The experience of the last few weeks has raised the specter in American minds that Iraqis might choose an Iranian-style government dominated by Shiite Muslim clerics who see the United States as the Great Satan.

On Saturday, 26 April (Day-38), the Pentagon began sending a team of Iraqi exiles to Baghdad to help set up a temporary American-led government. Most of the exiles have a background in administration and are set to take up positions at each of the 23 Iraqi ministries. They will work closely with American and British officials under Jay Garner, the retired US General heading ORHA, who is functioning as Iraq's civil administrator.

A defense contractor, Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), will actually employ the team of Iraqi technocrats that was initially selected by Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz two months ago. They have been working from a suburban Virginia office. Emad Dhia, an Iraqi engineer who left his country 21 years ago, heads the group, named Iraqi Reconstruction and Development Council. He will become the top Iraqi adviser to Jay Garner.

The job of the exiles will be to rebuild the structures of a government that would then be handed over to the new Iraqi authority. The task of the team is to help Jay Garner "turn over functioning ministries to the new Iraqi interim authority after a period of time.

Flares Ignites Ammunition Cache

Attackers fired flares at an Iraqi ammunition dump, in a large field, on Baghdad's outskirts Saturday, setting off powerful explosions that killed at least six civilians and wounded four, all from the same family. One American soldier suffered a broken arm. Angry residents, believing the Americans may have caused the blasts, fired on US troops tying to treat the injured and recover bodies from the rubble, driving them from the area for a short time.

The incident was a reminder that dangers persist in Baghdad, even though fighting has all but ended and the United States has begun focusing on postwar challenges. The ordnance that exploded in Baghdad was stored in a large field surrounded by high walls in the Zafaraniyah neighborhood. It was part of huge hauls of munitions that US forces have been gathering from around the capital. The flares hitting the dump and landing on some ammo boxes were fired by somebody who knew what a pistol flare could do if it landed on a pile of ammunition.

Five people were admitted to the Zafaraniyah General Hospital in serious condition and twenty others were treated at the hospital for minor injuries and released. Residents dug through the rubble, looking for bodies. Four houses were destroyed. The others in the area, had all the windows on the street side were shattered and many had walls that collapsed.

Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Exiled In Iran

With the fall of the regime of Saddam Hussein, one of the most wanted men in Afghanistan, renegade commander Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, a renegade mujahedeen commander and former American ally now exiled in Iran, issued a message that promised President Bush a guerilla war, fresh suicide attacks and "thousands of Osama bin Ladens". The situation in Afghanistan could be worsened by the alleged presence the extremists, including former Taliban and al-Qaeda fighters and loyalists of renegade ex-premier Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, who are being allowed sanctuary on the Pakistani side of the border.

During the rule of the feuding factions in Kabul between 1992 and 1996, Hekmatyar was prime minister. But his bitter rivalry with slain guerrilla Ahmed Shah Massood and deep divisions between other factions fueled fierce battles that destroyed more than half of Kabul, killed 50,000 people and gave rise to the Taliban.

During the Taliban rule, Hekmatyar lived in self-imposed exile in Iran. The Taliban refused to accept him in their ranks despite overtures from Hekmatyar, according to former Taliban. However since their ouster, the Taliban have entered into an alliance with Hekmatyar, who also has links to al-Qaida, according to US and European intelligence sources.

1st Squadron, 10th Cavalry At Baiji

The 10th Cavalry Regiment went to a site east of Baiji, 112 miles northwest of Baghdad after having been alerted by US Special Forces teams. The Special Forces reconnaissance team had found 14 unmarked barrels, at least a dozen missiles and 150 gas masks. Their suspicions had been raised by the presence of surface-to-air missiles guarding the area. The soldiers also found two mobile laboratories containing equipment for mixing chemicals, but they appeared to have been looted.

In support of the investigations, a platoon of chemical weapons experts from the Army's 1st Squadron, 10th Cavalry conducted field tests on one of the 55-gallon barrels. Using three different methods to test liquid from one of the barrels, preliminary results indicated the contents to be a mixture of three chemicals, including cyclsarin, a nerve agent, and a blistering agent which could have been Mustard Gas.

A second series of tests was conducted by chemical specialists from Baghdad and two out of three tests indicated that the original findings were correct. In order to completely verify results, samples of the materials found are being sent to the US Army's chemical research facility at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD for verification testing, because the military does not have field testing equipment in Iraq that is sophisticated enough to eliminate all pesticides. Such detailed tests may take a week to conduct.

Despite initial appearances and findings, officials in Washington were stressing caution on the Baiji discovery, particularly in light of the facts that some chemicals previously found by US forces and initially suspected of being chemical weapons materials turned out to be pesticides.

Osama bin Laden Head Of al-Qaeda

Secret Iraqi intelligence documents found in Baghdad have provided the first evidence of a direct link between Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network and Saddam Hussein's regime.Files found in the bombed headquarters of the Mukhabarat, the Iraqi intelligence service, showed that an al-Qaeda envoy was invited secretly to Baghdad in March 1998. The purpose of the meeting was to establish a relationship between the Iraqi regime and al-Qaeda based on their shared hatred of the United States. The meeting ended with discussions of arrangements for bin Laden to visit Baghdad, but the documents did not mention if any such trip ever took place.

One file referred to a planned trip from Sudan by an unnamed al-Qaeda representative. An accompanying letter said the envoy was a trusted confidant of bin Laden. It added: "We suggest permission to call the Khartoum station", an apparent reference to Iraq's intelligence office in Sudan, "to facilitate the travel arrangements for the above mentioned person to Iraq. "And that our body carry all the travel and hotel costs inside Iraq to gain the knowledge of the message from bin Laden and to convey to his envoy an oral message from us to bin Laden". The letter said that the message to be sent to bin Laden "would relate to the future of our relationship with him and to achieve a direct meeting with him."

The files appear to contradict claims by Baghdad and many western governments who opposed the US-led war on Iraq that there was no link between Saddam's regime and al-Qaeda, the group blamed for the 11 September attacks on America.

Husam Amin

On Sunday, 27 April (Day-39), Lieutenant. General Husam Muhammad Amin, chief Iraqi liaison with UN weapons inspectors, was taken into coalition custody. Amin, the former Iraqi National Monitoring Director, appears as the Six of Clubs in the set of playing cards issued by the US military authorities to help capture the most wanted leaders of Saddam's former regime and is No. 34 on the revised list of the 55. Sunday's capture was the 13th fugitive of the most wanted list to be placed in US custody.

The general was among the key figures in Saddam's weapons programs and would have detailed knowledge of any illegal armaments, if Iraq still posses them. For more than a decade as head of the monitoring commission, the former air force communications engineer has earned a reputation as a loyal officer who has fulfilled Saddam's expectations.

Amin and his troops refused to allow UN inspectors into presidential palaces and other "sensitive sites" during the first round of UN inspections that ended in 1998. He was also one of the few Iraqis authorized to comment on weapons of mass destruction. Like most of Saddam's most trusted lieutenants, he is from a prominent Sunni Muslim family from northern Iraq, in Mosul.

Early in his career, he was assigned to different air bases and radar installations. His career took off when Saddam established the military's Technical and Scientific Committee, a weapons research and development think tank, in 1980.

The US led team administering Baghdad and central Iraq city officials from Saddam Hussein's ousted government on Sunday, snubbing Baghdad's self-declared "mayor" who was later detained by US forces. The team from the Pentagon's Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance (ORHA) has repeatedly refused to recognize the self-declared mayor of postwar Baghdad, returned exile Mohammed Mohsen Zubaidi. While Jay Garner, the retired US General heading ORHA, was discussing restoring water, sewage and waste collection services, Zubaidi was holding a parallel meeting with city officials of Baghdad.

Later in the evening, the Iraqi exile, Mohammed Mohsen al-Zubaidi, who had proclaimed himself Baghdad's mayor and begun issuing directives to city workers was arrested by US forces, who accused him of misrepresenting himself as mayor, a position which he was not appointed and "for his inability to support the coalition military authority and for exercising authority which was not his". Seven other unidentified individuals found with al-Zubaidie were also arrested and taken into custody.

Al-Zubaidi, who has cast himself as a volunteer to help Iraq get back on its feet, never discouraged widespread rumors that he was appointed by US military authorities. American forces, however, have become increasingly adamant in recent days that they have no relationship with him. Al-Zubaidi appeared more subdued after the encounter with American forces, however, indicating "We don't have any goal to be political leaders. We just want to fill the gap left by the dictator".

Delegation Members in Conference

Stressing unity in a divided land, about 300 delegates from inside and outside Iraq met on Monday, 28 April (Day-40), at the elaborate convention hall, located in the bombed-out heart of Baghdad and protected by a ring of US tanks. Shiite and Sunni Muslim clerics in robes, Kurds from the north, tribal chiefs in Arab head dresses and Westernized exiles in expensive suits assembled for the one-day political conference, second in a series expected to extend well into May.

In a sign of new cooperation, the Supreme Council of the Islamic Revolution in Iraq, an Iran-based group of Shiite Muslim exiles, sent a low-level delegation to the Baghdad conference. The council had boycotted the first meeting on April 15, and high-ranking members refused to attend Monday's conference in protest of its US sponsorship, said Hamid al-Bayati, a London spokesman for the group.

Although the US extended the UN an invitation to attend Monday's meeting in Baghdad on forming a temporary government in Iraq, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan declined send a representative. The lack of active participation, rather than the criticism previously offered, indicates a reflection of uncertainty in the world body's ability or role in the reconstruction of the country.

Annan has been in touch with council members and has done contingency planning for "a minimalist role vs. a maximalist role" so he will be ready for any recommendation or decision the council may make, however it does not appear as though the council is of one mind yet - but he does sense a coming together of council members that he hopes will produce a consensus in time.

After an opening reading from the Quran, the delegates of 300 leading Iraqis that included women, were welcomed by Jay Garner, the retired US General heading ORHA and chairman for the meeting. He told them that they must build on the recommendations a smaller, initial gathering in the city of Nassiriya two weeks ago, days after Saddam was toppled.

As the discussions proceeded, clear differences of the delegates on the involvement United States emerged, with exiles generally seeking a diminished role for Washington. Many former exiles said Iraqis should rule their country alone and the United States should have only a limited role. Other Iraqis who had not left said they wanted more US supervision because they did not trust those who returned after Saddam's fall.

Delegates spoke out about their own agendas, and during the all-day meeting that lasted two hours longer than planned, US administrators and delegates from Iraq's political factions agreed to convene a larger nation-building conference next month and fashion a temporary, post-Saddam Hussein government, The pledge to meet again in May, from the multiethnic assortment of delegates, represented the first specific timetable for trying to assemble the basis of democracy in postwar Iraq and a more secure tomorrow that could be in place within the days following.

A summary of key points agreed to and adopted by all the delegates, from inside and outside Iraq, at the US sponsored Baghdad conference were:

• Approved principles adopted at April 15 conference at Ur of ex-opposition leaders.
• Thanked the US led forces for liberating Iraq.
• Urged the coalition to accelerate efforts to restore security.
• Said it wanted to move forward on government-building without outside interference.
• Asked for the lifting of UN sanctions.
• Asked for forgiveness of Iraq's international debt from Saddam Hussein's rule.
• Asked for waiving of further war reparations to Kuwait for 1990 invasion.
• Called for convening a broad-based national conference within four weeks to form a transitional government.

In other areas of Baghdad, Major General Buford Blount, commander of the 3rd Infantry Division, on Monday, indicated that there was no question of releasing Mohammed Mohsen Zubaidi, the self-proclaimed Baghdad mayor arrested on yesterday for exercising authority he did not have. Giving no details of any charges, Blount indicated that he had broken multiple laws, from theft to intimidation, and currently in a holding center and his movements will be decided in the next few days.

Donald Rumsfeld Visits US Soldiers

Elsewhere, Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld visited Camp As Sayliyah in Qatar. In thanking US troops for removing Saddam, he said "You protected our country from a gathering danger and liberated the Iraqi people."

In Qatar, Rumsfeld indicated that the US led war in Iraq was a historic success that will influence military doctrine for decades and said "Baghdad was liberated in less than a month, possibly the fastest march on a capital in modern military history".

Although Rumsfeld refrained from using the word "victory," his tour to the region clearly was meant as an occasion to celebrate the fall of Iraqi President Saddam Hussein with US forces and their allies. He had met earlier with the top US commanders, Lieutenant General David McKiernan, the land component commander, Lieutenant General T. Michael Moseley, the air commander, Vice Admiral Timothy Keating, the naval commander, and Lieutenant General Earl Hailston, the marine commander.

In a tour to thank Gulf leaders for support in the conflict and to discuss potential postwar changes in US forces in the region, he stood beside General Tommy Franks, Commander of the Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and lauded senior officers and headquarters staff, saying the war was historic despite critics who said Iraq should not have been invaded. Rumsfeld and Franks countered that the Iraqi people were now free from oppression and that the war was run with "compassion" for the civilian population.

After talks with the United Arab Emirates' defense minister and chief of staff on Sunday, Rumsfeld and General Tommy Franks, commander of US troops in the region, indicated that US military forces were not going to leave the region any time soon and he wanted to continue operations at Camp As Sayliyah, which was constructed just before the war with Iraq began.

In the north, Kurdish paramilitary forces in Mosul began complying with US Army orders to stop armed patrols at checkpoints to relieve tensions there between Arabs and Kurds. US soldiers of the 2nd Brigade, 1st Airborne had given fighters with the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and the Kurdistan Democratic Party until Monday to stop carrying arms around Mosul. Since the fall of Mosul, Iraq's third largest city with 700,000 people, tensions have escalated between Arab residents and the large Kurdish minority.

Kurds claim the northern city as historically theirs, and resented Saddam Hussein's efforts to displace them with Arabs. Disputes have flared over homes, which Kurds say were taken from them and given to Arabs by Saddam's administration. Some Arab families have been forced out of those homes in recent weeks by Kurdish fighters.

The flexing of military muscle by Kurdish militias in northern Iraq also has also a potential flash point with neighboring Turkey, which fears a Kurdish resurgence in northern Iraq could encourage its own Kurdish rebels to revive a 15-year war for autonomy. Kurdish forces rushed into Mosul before the Americans after Iraqi defenses collapsed.

The US soldiers are calming Mosul in a variety of ways. Three walk-in centers opened Saturday to inform people gasoline was flowing at some service stations and propane was available starting Sunday. Soldiers and local police also began joint patrols yesterday.

Amer Rashid

On Monday, Amer Mohammed Rashid, Iraq's former oil minister and a retired general who also knew the most intimate secrets of Saddam Hussein's missile systems, surrendered.and is in coalition custody. Rashid, a former Iraqi army general known as the "Missile Man," was Saddam's point-man on weapons delivery systems and eventually rose to the prestigious post of oil minister.

Rashid was also a member of the regime's Military Industrialization Organization, the group responsible for producing all of Iraq's most lethal weapons. He appears as the Six of Spades in the set of playing cards issued by the US military authorities to help capture the most wanted leaders of Saddam's former regime and is No. 33 on the revised list of the 55. Monday's surrender was the 14th fugitive of the most wanted list to be placed in US custody.

He is married to Dr. Rihab Taha, a microbiologist known as "Dr. Germ" who was in charge of the secret Iraqi facility that weaponized anthrax, botulinum toxin and aflotoxin. She is also sought by the United States, but there was no word on her whereabouts. Capturing him or his wife would be a boon for US disarmament specialists, who are searching for any chemical, biological or nuclear weapons in Iraq.

US soldiers opened fire on Iraqis at a demonstration after being shot at with automatic rifles by some in the crowd. The director of the local hospital said 13 people were killed and 75 injured. The shooting took place about 2230 hours (local), Monday, in the town of Fallujah, 30 miles west of Baghdad. The predominantly Sunni Muslim area provided strong support for Saddam Hussein's Baath Party.

The demonstrators reportedly were protesting presence of US troops in Fallujah. But some townspeople said the protest was held by students aged 5 to 20 to ask the soldiers to leave the school where they were staying at so classes, scheduled to resume Tuesday, could take place.

US Lieutenant. Christopher Hart indicated that a crowd of 100 to 200 chanting people approached his men, who opened fire after two gunmen with combat rifles appeared from behind the crowd on a motorcycle and started shooting. Some people in the crowd then also fired at the troops.

Colonel Arnold Bray. 82nd Airborne Division, who gave the US account of the clash, said at least seven Iraqis were hit by gunfire but could not confirm the reported deaths. Dr. Ahmed Ghanim al-Ali, director of Fallujah General Hospital, said there were 13 dead, including three boys no older than 10. He said his medical crews were shot at when they went to retrieve the injured, which he said numbered 75 people.

The shooting in Falluja, and a clash between US forces and Iraqi fighters in the northern city of Mosul on Monday in which six Iraqis were killed, punctured some of the optimism generated by a mass meeting convened by the United States in Baghdad to kickstart the transition to democracy.

Walid Tawfig

On Tuesday, 29 April (Day-41), Walid Hamid Tawfiq al-Tikriti, the governor of Basra Province under Saddam Hussein gave himself up in Baghdad to the Iraqi National Congress (INC) political party and US officials. Accompanied by his father, they just drove themselves in their vehicle from where they were hiding in Baghdad to the INC office. He was met by officials from the INC and US military officers who began a preliminary interrogation.

Walid Hamid Tawfiq who appears as the Eight of Clubs in the set of playing cards issued by the US military authorities to help capture the most wanted leaders of Saddam's former regime and is No. 26 on the revised list of the 55. Tuesday's surrender was the 15th fugitive of the most wanted list to be placed in US custody.

Later in the day, Major General Glenn Webster, deputy commander of US ground forces in Iraq, spoke with reporters before a town hall meeting with about 50 city officials and other Iraqis to discuss the disorder afflicting the city since the fall of Saddam Hussein regime. He indicated that the US Army has released a plan that will deploy up to 4,000 additional military police and infantrymen in Baghdad within two weeks to help stem the lawlessness that has plagued the capital.

The Baghdad police force dissolved when US forces took control of the city 09 April, but it is slowly being revived. American Military Police (MP), within a week, will begin retraining Baghdad police officers volunteering for a reconstituted police force, who with reinforcements added to more than 12,000 US troops now in Baghdad will mount joint patrols on foot and in vehicles.

US Soldiers Guard Their Position

On Wednesday, 30 April (Day-42), American troops again fired on anti US protesters in Fallujah's streets and indicated that they won't give up their foothold in the one-time Baath Party bastion. Hospital officials reported that at least two Iraqis were killed and 18 wounded,

After Wednesday's shootings, a US Army colonel said his forces will remain here "to help the city stabilize." Residents repeatedly said they want the Americans at least to withdraw to the city's outskirts. Some were threatening. "Sooner or later US killers we'll kick you out," read an angry banner in English unfurled in the faces of GIs on guard. This week's Fallujah bloodshed, in large part the result of clashes between a foreign force and a traditional Muslim society, underscores the military's challenge in a land where many say they will resist any foreign hand that tries to control them. The resistance is especially sharp in Fallujah, a city of 200,000 people 30 miles west of Baghdad, because it benefited particularly from Saddam Hussein's Baath regime, toppled last month by the US led coalition.

The regime built chemical and other factories that generated jobs for Fallujah's workers and wealth for its businessmen. The city sent many of its young men to elite regime forces such as the Republican Guard and Special Republican Guard. Wednesday's violence occurred at the climax of a march by 1,000 men protesting the earlier shootings, which took place at a Fallujah school taken over for a time by a company of the 82nd Airborne Division. The marchers, mostly young men in sandals and ankle-length dishdashas, halted on Fallujah's main avenue before a former police compound used as an 82nd Airborne command post.

The Bush administration has chosen L. Paul Bremer, a former head of the State Department's counterterrorism office, to become civilian administrator in Iraq and oversee the country's transition to democratic rule. Bremer's selection, disclosed Wednesday by a senior US official, will put him in charge of a transition team that includes retired Army Lieutenant General Jay Garner and Zalmay Khalilzad, the special White House envoy in the Persian Gulf region.

Bremer left the State Department, where he was an assistant to former secretaries William P. Rogers and Henry Kissinger, to join Kissinger Associates, a consulting firm studded with both Democrats and Republicans that held top US government posts. Currently, Bremer serves as chairman and chief executive of Marsh Crisis Consulting company. Overseeing the transition from rule by Saddam Hussein to Iraqi opponents of the deposed president is a tricky assignment in which the Bush administration is playing an aggressive role while also declaring it is up to a wide diversity of Iraqi groups to choose a new government.

4th ID Arrests Baath Party Member

Heavily armed troops of the 4th Infantry Division raided a house in Saddam Hussein's hometown of Tikrit, late Wednesday and arrested a local Baath Party official accused of trying to run a "shadow regime" opposing coalition forces.

US troops refused to release the name of the official, citing security. Five Bradley Fighting Vehicles surrounded the two-story villa in a neighborhood formerly reserved for Baath Party members. One of the Bradleys slammed through a 10-foot wall surrounding the compound. About 40 infantrymen of the 1st Battalion, 8th Infantry Regiment swarmed through the hole, fanning across the lawn and breaking down the wooden front door.

Inside, the soldiers found three men, the suspect and his two sons, five women and four children. The three men were led from the house blindfolded and with their hands bound behind their backs. They were driven away as the women stood weeping and peering through the windows. Major Mike Silverman, a battalion operations officer, indicated."I think it sends a pretty clear message when a Bradley comes through your wall in the middle of the night, And the message is the regime is dead so get in line."

The United States will help Iraq put its currency on a sound footing, re-establish a central bank and put together a federal budget, Treasury Secretary John Snow said Wednesday. Among the priorities, he said, will be restoring operations of the Finance Ministry, the central bank, commercial banks and the stock market. American financial advisers also will assist Iraqis in redesigning their tax and customs systems and managing the country's considerable foreign debt.

To help pay for Iraq's rejuvenation, Snow said the United States can use some $1.7 billion in Iraqi assets frozen in US banks after the first Gulf War. He said he has also contacted finance ministers around the world to ask that they identify and seize Iraqi funds in their own banks for Iraqi reconstruction programs. He said the response to those contacts had been good. He said international partners also were willing to consider canceling or restructuring some of Iraq's foreign debts, which may be in the hundreds of billions of dollars. The Paris Club, an organization of creditor countries that negotiates debt deals with debtor nations, could be an avenue for arranging debt relief.

The United States explained its contacts with armed Iranian dissidents in Iraq on Wednesday as a tactical decision by military commanders, not negotiations with a group the State Department has designated a "foreign terrorist organization." The cease-fire between US forces and the People's Mujahideen organization was merely the prelude to a surrender by the group, which had thousands of fighters in Iraq. The fighters of the organization, also known by the Farsi name Mujahideen-e Khalq, or MEK, did not resist this month when US forces reached their camps in northeastern Iraq. They say they have no quarrel with the United States.

The organization has an office in Washington and many supporters in the Congress. But the State Department is strongly opposed to the group and has repeatedly accused it of helping the government of vanished Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein in internal security, a charge the Mujahideen has denied.

Demonstrators At Army Compound

On Thursday, 01 May (Day-43) at 0100 hours (local), attackers lobbed two grenades into a US Army compound Thursday, wounding seven soldiers just hours after the Americans had fired on Iraqi protesters in the street outside. The attack came after soldiers in the compound and in a passing Army convoy opened fire yesterday on anti-American demonstrators massed outside. Local hospital officials said two Iraqis were killed and 18 wounded.

The incident, the latest in a series of clashes and deadly shootings involving US troops in Fallujah, came as President Bush prepared to address to the American public from a homeward-bound aircraft carrier, declaring that major combat in Iraq is finished. None of the injuries to soldiers of the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment in Fallujah was life-threatening. The troops inside the walled compound, a former police station, opened fire on men fleeing the area, but no one was captured or believed hit. The attackers' identities were unknown.

A key oil refinery was restarted near the southern city of Basra, Iraq's second-largest city. Southern Iraq had been running out of gasoline and propane, and the restart squashes fear Iraq might have to import the fuels. The plant is producing around 28,000 barrels a day of refined product.

Coalition civil engineers were shot at while working in a gas-oil separation plant in southern Iraq's Rumeila oil fields, the country's largest. Three people in a pickup truck reportedly opened fire on the engineers. There were no injuries. Coalition soldiers were in the area at the time, but did not return fire.

Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld has raised doubts about Iraq's future in OPEC, the 11-member oil exporting group it helped found in 1960. On an earlier trip to Baghdad, he had indicated that he suspected that Iraq is not currently a member, adding "if they are, they're probably on a very qualified basis". Communications seeking comment from OPEC officials in Vienna, Austria, went unanswered.

Since Iraq had no official government and its oil minister was in hiding, it was not represented at last week's OPEC meeting, when the group decided to cut its oil output by 2 million barrels a day, or 7 percent. Iraq is facing pressure to ramp up oil production as much as possible to pay for its reconstruction. That could create problems for OPEC, which likes to keep prices stable by regulating output.

In a preliminary speech to that of President George W. Bush, Vice President Dick Cheney Indicated to the Heritage Foundation think tank that a high-tech revolution, using fewer troops and jet fighters than during the 1991 Gulf War, gave the US military the lethal power to defeat Iraq's Saddam Hussein.

New war technology, including unmanned spy planes flying at 65,000 feet and real-time computer displays that replaced "maps, grease pencils and radio reports" for field commanders, let US forces topple Saddam before he could react using with less than half of the ground forces and two-thirds of the air assets used 12 years ago in Desert Storm,

Cheney indicated that the Bush administration can claim credit for devising new strategies for employing the systems, including much greater use of special forces, to strike with precision and move at "incredible speed. Looking at the overall effort, Saddam Hussein apparently expected that this war would essentially be a replay of Desert Storm ... He seems to have assumed there was ample time to destroy the oil wells that he had already rigged to explode, and to destroy the bridges and the dams that he wired. But the tactics employed succeeded in taking the enemy by surprise.

Advances cited by Cheney included:

• Widespread use of lasers for targeting bombs and other weapons. Using only two-thirds of the attack aircraft deployed in Desert Storm, we could strike twice as many targets.
• A much broader range of unmanned planes, including one that could skim over a hilltop and one that could fly at 65,000 feet to "provide images the size of the state of Illinois."
• Instantaneous availability of air-operations orders, compared with the Gulf War system in which the orders required five hours to download and had to be flown daily to aircraft carriers.
• Real-time computer displays telling ground commanders of the location of all forces. In 1991, these commanders had to rely on maps, grease pencils and radio reports.

President Bush On USS Abraham Lincoln	President Bush Addresses Sailors

On 01 May, President George W. Bush flew to the USS Abraham Lincoln aboard a Navy S-3B Viking and landed making a dramatic, cable-arrested, landing on the deck, as the carrier steamed toward San Diego as thousands of cheering Navy personnel dressed in yellow, green and power blue crew shirts watched.

Later in the evening, Bush addressed the 5,000 military personnel aboard and the nation indicating that all major combat operations in Iraq has ended.The objective of the speech was to give the nation a closure to the fighting while avoiding a sweeping claim of overall victory. He indicated that there was much more needed to be done, including bringing order to the country, finding weapons of mass destruction, creating a democratic government and pursuing leaders of the fallen regime, including Saddam.

President Bush on the deck of the USS Abraham Lincoln, which sent thousands of aircraft into war. told the nation, "In the battle of Iraq, the United States and our allies have prevailed. Saddam Hussein's defeat is one victory in a war on terror that still goes on. Major combat operations in Iraq have ended, In the battle of Iraq, the United States and our allies have prevailed."

Continuing, the President said "The liberation of Iraq is a crucial advance in the campaign against terror. We have removed an ally of al-Qaida and cut off a source of terrorist funding. And this much is certain: No terrorist network will gain weapons of mass destruction from the Iraqi regime because that regime is no more."

"The battle of Iraq is one victory in a war on terror that began on 11 September 2001, and still goes on," he said. "Our mission continues. Al-Qaida is wounded, not destroyed. The scattered cells of the terrorist network still operate in many nations, and we know from daily intelligence that they continue to plot against free people. The proliferation of deadly weapons remains a serious danger. The enemies of freedom are not idle, and neither are we."

Bush stopped short of declaring victory or an end to the war. Such declarations could trigger international laws requiring the speedy release of prisoners of war, limiting efforts to go after deposed Iraqi leaders and designating the United States as an occupying power.

The United States shut its last major Turkish military mission, Incirlik Air Base, Thursday as part of a regional shuffle of bases that is raising questions about Turkey's strategic importance to Washington.

The US government also indicated that this week that it would leave bases in Saudi Arabia, where the presence of American forces had long been a source of anti-American sentiment. US officials said the defeat of Saddam Hussein's regime ended the need for Turkish-based air missions to monitor a no-fly zone over northern Iraq or for Saudi bases to mount flights over a no-fly zone in southern Iraq.

At a ceremony marking the end of the US mission here, General Charles Wald, deputy commander of US European Command, noted that Washington also is reviewing the positioning of troops in Europe and denied that leaving Incirlik indicated trouble in relations with Turkey.

In May 2001, Hadi was put in charge of the party's Farmers' Central Office. Hadi was reportedly very close to Saddam and had been one of his advisers, especially on Shiite affairs, since the early 1980s. He had been a minister without portfolio since June 1982 and before that was governor of Najaf.

With President Bush declaring the end of major combat operations in Iraq, the following is a summary of major events in Iraq since the war started:

• 20 March, US forces launch early morning airstrikes at sites near Baghdad where Saddam Hussein and top aides are believed to be sleeping. Ground war begins in afternoon near Kuwaiti border.
• 21 March, Ground troops reach one-third of the way to Baghdad. Airstrikes on Baghdad leave government buildings ablaze.
• 23 March, Twelve US soldiers, including Army supply clerk Jessica Lynch, 19, are missing after Iraqis ambush convoy near Nasiriyah. Iraqi TV airs footage of five captured US soldiers and shows bodies of at least five others.
• 24 March, Two US soldiers of the 1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment are captured after their helicopter crashes, then put on Iraqi TV.
• 26 March, Two missiles hit Baghdad neighborhood, killing 14 and injuring 30, according to Iraq. Northern front opened as 1,000 Army troops parachute into Kurdish-controlled enclave.
• 28 March, With port of Umm Qasr finally cleared of mines, British ship makes first sizable humanitarian delivery.
• 29 March, Suicide attacker pretending to be a taxi driver needing help kills four US soldiers.
• 01 April, Jessica Lynch rescued from hospital by US special operations forces. Eight bodies buried nearby later identified as members of her unit.
• 04 April, Soldiers seize Saddam International Airport, rename it Baghdad International.
• 07 April, US tanks rumble through downtown Baghdad. Bunker-buster bomb hits buildings where Saddam and other officials are believed to be. British forces take Basra.
• 09 April, American commanders declare Saddam's regime no longer rules Baghdad. Jubilant crowds greet troops, go on looting rampages, topple a 40-foot statue of Saddam.
• 11 April, US General Tommy Franks indicates "The Saddam regime has ended," and at the White House, spokesman Ari Fleischer adds: "The regime is gone."
• 12 April, Looters ransack government offices, embassies, hospitals, businesses and the Iraq National Museum. Saddam's science adviser surrenders, insists Iraq had no weapons of mass destruction.
• 13 April, Iraqi troops release seven US POWs.
• 15 April, US sponsored forum in biblical city of Ur brings Iraqi opposition leaders together to shape the country's postwar government. American commandos in Baghdad capture the Palestinian terrorist who masterminded the 1985 hijacking of the Achille Lauro cruise ship.
• 16 April, Seventeen Iraqis killed in clashes between US troops and locals in Mosul.
• 18 April, Several most-wanted Iraqis are captured, including the mastermind of Iraq's nerve agent program. Video and audio recordings of Saddam surface, purportedly made 09 April.
• 19 April, Seven former POWs return to home bases of Ft. Bliss, TX and Ft. Hood, TX.
• 21 April, Retired Lieutenant General Jay Garner, Iraq's postwar administrator, arrives in Baghdad. Two more top members of Saddam's regime, including his son-in-law, are taken in custody.
• 23 April, Restoration of electricity in Baghdad begins; oil flows in southern Iraq.
• 24 April, Tariq Aziz, former deputy prime minister, taken into US custody.
• 25 April, US forces capture Farouk Hijazi, an Iraqi intelligence official accused of links to al-Qaida, who reportedly met with Osama bin Laden in 1998.
• 28 April, Delegates from inside and outside Iraq meet in Baghdad and agree to hold a third meeting in May to fashion a government. Saddam's 66th birthday passes without major incident.
• 29 April, Sixteen Iraqis killed, 75 wounded by US soldiers after the troops come under fire during protest in Saddam stronghold of Fallujah, near Baghdad.
• 30 April, Two people killed, 14 wounded in another confrontation with US soldiers. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld visits Baghdad.
• 01 May, A top official from Saddam Hussein's former regime, Mizban Khadr Hadi, a member of Saddam's Revolutionary Command Council and a top Baath Party leader, was captured in Baghdad.
• 01 May, President Bush, speaking on the deck of the returning USS Abraham Lincoln, which sent thousands of aircraft into war, declared that "major combat operations in Iraq have ended."